tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1904361769554840612024-03-19T01:47:25.865-07:00Lawrenzo Hung-Chun Huang, Ph.D. 線上研究室: 黃鴻鈞 博士 MOOC & BLOGLawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.comBlogger95125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-60247829284125547002023-10-28T12:21:00.003-07:002023-10-28T12:33:18.598-07:00Lyapunov exponents<br />Consider two points in space (Fig. 1). Each point generates an orbit in that space using an equation or system of equations [61].<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJDYzr96YJXrcLN2R4k1Z5kilgSZBkTwcA8MEN7eV2PlqhXL1FoTG-I6nA6PKnKLOweQpFRMbz6LkENp1vbTtfmI7bn6VANe1v95rdKnQ8cu3is4LOascOV9noJmwuJsyS55bt-X152uzNW_LG1CS84yj5F6mHvyE4DCfW649HLFLOVarHrZVCWMJwh0/s287/image001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="287" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJDYzr96YJXrcLN2R4k1Z5kilgSZBkTwcA8MEN7eV2PlqhXL1FoTG-I6nA6PKnKLOweQpFRMbz6LkENp1vbTtfmI7bn6VANe1v95rdKnQ8cu3is4LOascOV9noJmwuJsyS55bt-X152uzNW_LG1CS84yj5F6mHvyE4DCfW649HLFLOVarHrZVCWMJwh0/s1600/image001.png" width="287" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Fig. 1. Two points in a space and their changes<br /><br />These orbits can be considered the parametric functions of a variable such as time. If we use one of the orbits as a reference orbit, then separating the two orbits will be a function of time. Because sensitive dependence can arise only in some portions of a system (such as the logistic equation), this separation is a function of the location of the initial value and has the form Δx(X0, t). In a system that attracts fixed points or periodic points, Δx(X0, t) asymptotically diminishes with time. If a system is unstable, such as pins balanced on their points, then orbits exponentially diverge for a while, but eventually settle down. For chaotic points, the function Δx(X0, t) will behave erratically. Hence, the mean exponential rate of the divergence of two initially close orbits can be calculated using the following formula:<br /><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE2YUlXaMV_uCe1EA9R3OatRp7bvURJNzLmKWCFplwl_e1ZHFE0tEWpR0p2K0WXLN8X8sxwYlqW1nYo7Kt8uFKyokzapIGJil9pCZkkTug1D41FV1PW5ii9ZMQfK4VX3Is-KIhj2a8t_E-bNODUgLKhCkXk9Lplmono2LcxwL8OcrBObNcQHMPI-3KlIo/s214/image002.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="68" data-original-width="214" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE2YUlXaMV_uCe1EA9R3OatRp7bvURJNzLmKWCFplwl_e1ZHFE0tEWpR0p2K0WXLN8X8sxwYlqW1nYo7Kt8uFKyokzapIGJil9pCZkkTug1D41FV1PW5ii9ZMQfK4VX3Is-KIhj2a8t_E-bNODUgLKhCkXk9Lplmono2LcxwL8OcrBObNcQHMPI-3KlIo/s1600/image002.png" width="214" /></a>Eq.1</div><br />where λ represents the Lyapunov exponent that is used for distinguishing among the various types of orbits. This exponent is applicable to discrete and continuous systems. The results of the Lyapunov exponent can be separated into three temporal patterns: a negative value (a periodic attractor), a zero value (a single-point attractor), and a positive value (chaos or a strange attractor), which represent the average rates of exponential convergence, stable, or divergence of trajectories near each other in the phase space [62, 63].<br /><br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>When the Lyapunov exponent is <0 (λ < 0), the orbit is attracted to a stable fixed point or a stable periodic orbit. Negative Lyapunov exponents are characteristic of dissipative or nonconservative systems (e.g., the damped harmonic oscillator). Such systems exhibit asymptotic stability; the more negative the exponent, the greater the stability. Superstable fixed and periodic points have a Lyapunov exponent of λ = −∞. This is similar to a critically damped oscillator in that the system heads toward its equilibrium point as quickly as possible. Thus, the system has approached convergence.</li><li>When the Lyapunov exponent equals 0 (λ = 0), the orbit is a neutral fixed point (or an eventually fixed point). A Lyapunov exponent of zero indicates that the system is in a steady-state mode. A physical system with this exponent is conservative. Such systems exhibit Lyapunov stability. Consider the case of two identical simple harmonic oscillators with different amplitudes. Because the frequency is independent of the amplitude, a phase portrait of two oscillators would be a pair of concentric circles. In this situation, the orbits would maintain constant separation, similar to the two flecks of dust fixed in place on a rotating record. Thus, the system has approached stability.</li><li>When the Lyapunov exponent is >0 (λ > 0), the orbit is unstable and chaotic. Nearby points, irrespective of their closeness, will diverge to any arbitrary separation. All neighborhoods in the phase space will eventually be visited. These points are considered unstable. For a discrete system, this does not preclude any organization because a pattern may emerge. For a continuous system, the phase space has a dissipative structure. Although the system is deterministic, the orbit has no order. Thus, the system has approached divergence.</li></ol><br />An overview of the distribution of Lyapunov exponents across an entire system trajectory can reveal the intersection and transition of a positive Lyapunov exponent zone and a nonpositive Lyapunov exponent zone. Hence, the presence of Lyapunov exponents represents the system stability of the process [64]. Furthermore, this transition point symbolizes the recurring cycles of disorder–ordered linkages in technological trajectory changes.<br /><br /> Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-73703885245660828422023-10-10T21:25:00.003-07:002023-10-10T21:25:40.275-07:00 現場》原來「文化底蘊」、「一見鍾情」背後都是階級?布赫迪厄《區判》譯後分享側記<p> <span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 36px;">現場》原來「文化底蘊」、「一見鍾情」背後都是階級?布赫迪厄《區判》譯後分享側記</span></p><div class="region region-content" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: #464646; font-family: Verdana, "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 1;"><div class="block-system-main block block-system block-even" id="block-system-main" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; 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vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div></div><div class="node node-article node-promoted node-odd published no-comments promote node-full clearfix node-68161" id="node-68161" role="article" style="background: transparent; border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 18px; margin: 50px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"><header class="node-header clearfix" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px auto 1em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px; zoom: 1;"><div class="node-time node-header-meta" role="contentinfo" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px 1em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><time datetime="2023-10-05 12:00" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; 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font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.28571em;"></span><div class="field field-name-field-ref-reviewer field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-items" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/reviewer/67395" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">謝達文</a></div></div></div><span class="job-title" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">自由撰稿人</span></div></div><div class="node-tags node-header-meta" role="contentinfo" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; float: left; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><div class="field field-name-field-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-width: calc(100% - 25px); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"><ul class="links inline" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-0" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/12237" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Pierre Bourdieu</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-1" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/6915" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">布赫迪厄</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-2" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/12226" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">區判</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-3" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/12227" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">邱德亮</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-4" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/12238" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">社會學</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-5" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/9992" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">階級</a></li><li class="taxonomy-term-reference-6" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/tags/12239" style="background: none; border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; display: inline-block; font-family: "PingFang TC", "Heiti TC", "Noto Sans CJK TC", source-han-sans-traditional, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">山道猴子的一生</a></li></ul></div></div></header><div class="content node-content" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1000px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1000px;"><div class="field-items" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="563" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/styles/article_main_image/public/field/image/bn_w1280_qu_pan__0.jpg?itok=XOF6TXtd" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="1000" /><div class="caption" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1000px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1000px;"><div class="field-items" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">法國社會學大師布赫迪厄(左)名著《區判》,繁中版由學者邱德亮耗時10年完成翻譯。(布赫迪厄圖片來源:<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8E%84" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">wiki</a>;講座照片:信鴿法國書店提供)</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-intro field-type-text-long field-label-hidden" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 40px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><div class="field-items" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; color: #424242; empty-cells: show; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><tbody style="background: transparent; border-top-style: inherit; border-top-width: inherit; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"><td style="background: transparent; border-color: rgb(203, 203, 203); box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: top;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">編按:法國社會學家布赫迪厄</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Pierre Bourdieu)1979</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">年推出鉅作《區判》,不僅深刻剖析不同社會階級內部的資源差異,更進一步拆解其運作規則、解釋人們在其間的行動。《區判》被認為是洞穿「文化將挑戰或鞏固階級」的起點之書,國際社會學會</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(ISA)</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">曾將本書評選為</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">世紀十大社會學著作之一,在全球文化、藝術乃至教育等研究領域都廣受援用,也出現在台灣現行的高中公民課本中。</span></p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">國立陽明交通大學社會與文化研究所副教授邱德亮費時</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">年完成翻譯的《區判》繁中版近日問世,信鴿法國書店邀請譯者分享書中「文化資本」、「場域」等概念,本文是活動菁華摘要。</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2em auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><div class="field-items" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">社會學鉅作《區判》在出版將近半世紀後,終於被完整譯介到台灣。《區判》時常被稱為「天書」,其來有自:作者布赫迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)理論野心龐大,且文句向來以詩意、繁複著稱,「一個句子可以長達半頁或一頁」,細密纏繞,頗有門檻、難以閱讀。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">然而,本書台灣版譯者邱德亮一拿起簡報筆,馬上露出自信微笑,向滿場聽眾保證:「《區判》這本書我教了十幾年,我有把握能讓大家都聽得懂!」</p><h3 style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.275; margin: 1.9125em 0px 0.6375em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤從文化層面,察覺日常中隱含的權力結構</strong></h3><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">布赫迪厄生於1930年,是郵差之子,從小在法國西南方小鎮長大,畢業於菁英匯聚的巴黎大學文學院及高等師範學院。1954年他通過哲學教師會考,取得教師資格,同一屆通過會考的還有大名鼎鼎的解構主義哲學家雅克.德希達(Jacques Derrida)、歷史學家埃曼紐.勒華.拉杜里(Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie)。</p><div style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="419" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/binace_pai_19.png" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="600" /><figcaption style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; color: black; display: table-caption; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">德希達(左)與勒華.拉杜里。(取自Wikimedia Commons)</figcaption></figure></div><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">阿爾及利亞戰爭期間,布赫迪厄從事民族誌研究,不到30歲就出版第一本研究專書《阿爾及利亞社會學》(<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sociologie de L'Algerie</em></span>,英文書名<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Algerians</em></span>),在法國一出版就聲名大噪,1962年於美國出版。本書樹立他在人類學的名氣,也引起學界廣泛關注。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1964年起,布赫迪厄陸續於法國高等研究應用學院、高等社會科學院任教。他找來同事布勞岱爾(Fernand Braudel)及歐洲社會學研究中心的同儕合作,以總編輯身分在1975年成立學術刊物《社會科學的研究行動》(<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales</em></span>)。之後他更成為法國歷史最悠久的學術機構法蘭西公學院的社會學教授 。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">71歲過世時,布赫迪厄已累積了25部著作,《衛報》評價他為「許多人心目中的當代知名學者」,與傅柯(Michel Foucault)、巴特(Roland Barthes)、拉岡(Jacques Lacan)等思想家齊名。學術著述以外,布赫迪厄也積極參與政治,尤其對全球化、新自由主義和移民議題最為熱情。</p><div style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="444" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/binace_pai_18.png" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="800" /><figcaption style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; color: black; display: table-caption; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">《社會科學的研究行動》(<em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales</em>)刊物書影(取自<a href="https://www.persee.fr/collection/arss" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Persée</a>)</figcaption></figure></div><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《區判》不僅揭露了品味與審美標準的社會意涵,也讓讀者得以在文化、美學中察覺日常中隱含的權力。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">根據Google Scholar上的統計,《區判》一書在學術界已被引用超過10萬次,引用者當中有人深受啟發,也有人大力批判。不論立場如何,身在相關領域就絕對無法繞開這部名著。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮目前任教於陽明交通大學社會與文化研究所,前後花費10年的時間,才終於將這本他口中的「天書」呈現在台灣讀者眼前。面對《區判》這樣經典卻又難以消化的理論書,他建議,或許可以先從「人與人之間的分類和比較」這個觀念切入。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="600" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/img_7224.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="800" /></p><h3 style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.275; margin: 1.9125em 0px 0.6375em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤<strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">社會中的「分類原則」</strong></h3><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">講座一開始,邱德亮說到,人與人之間的相處總是建立於比較之上。比較時,人們採用的標準不只有單一指標,常會下意識進行綜合判斷:他的學歷高不高?有沒有錢?談吐如何?人們會藉以判斷彼此是「厲害」還是「弱」,從而牽涉到階層分類。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">將人分類的驅動力不僅是分出高下的虛榮。不同社會領域中,若一個人因為他的一些特質而被分到「比較厲害」的那群,通常就能夠獲得更多好處;這些能幫助一個人獲得好處的特質,布赫迪厄就會定義為「資本」(capital)。擁有財富即是擁有「經濟資本」;若接受過高等教育、能對於文化藝術有「品味」與判斷力的優勢特質,則被命名為「文化資本」。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮以取得高等教育文憑為例,大多數人取得名校文憑背後,其實是擁有豐沛的家庭資源、投資時間心力接受學術訓練,此後才更容易能在就業市場的比較中勝出。因此,高等學歷也就是一種文化資本。</p><hr style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-width: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-width: initial; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(189, 189, 189); box-sizing: border-box; height: 1px; margin: 1.7em 0px; padding: 0px;" /><ul style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">延伸閱讀:<a href="https://www.openbook.org.tw/article/p-62086" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">對談》全球化拚出的教養焦慮:《拚教養》藍佩嘉vs.《可是我偏偏不喜歡》吳曉樂</strong></a></li></ul><hr style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-width: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-width: initial; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(189, 189, 189); box-sizing: border-box; height: 1px; margin: 1.7em 0px; padding: 0px;" /><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮舉朋友騎馬跌倒的故事為例:「我問他怎麼跌倒的,他說騎馬,哇!我馬上退後三步,感覺他超厲害的,我連台灣有馬場都不知道。」邱德亮說明,依照台灣社會中人們共享的分類標準,騎馬經常會被劃分為「比較厲害」的運動,但分類並不出於主觀喜好,而是這樣的分類原則「客觀存在於這個社會之中」,是由社會全體成員所共享。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">每個人的「品味」——也就是人們在運動、飲食、音樂、閱讀等方面的種種選擇,總是會被認為有雅俗高低、厲不厲害之分。同時,騎馬這一類「厲害」的活動,又通常需要比較多的「資本」才能夠駕輕就熟。因此,在分析上,我們就可以依據人們的資本多寡、品味高低,分出不同的階級。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《區判》書中,布赫迪厄將擁有比較多資本的這群人理解為「支配階級」,他們的品味也普遍會被認為是比較厲害的品味。擁有較少資本的一般人即是「普羅大眾」,其品味與氣質通常會受到貶抑。介於支配階級與大眾之間,則是過渡的「中產階級」,也是布赫迪厄要探究與闡述的重點。</p><h3 style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.275; margin: 1.9125em 0px 0.6375em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤<strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">社會階級與品味的關聯:力爭上游卻總是失敗的中產階級</strong></h3><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">布赫迪厄花了相當的篇幅,在《區判》書中分析中產階級的思維與行動。邱德亮形述,布赫迪厄筆下的中產階級,總在努力學習上流的偏好與風格,往往「想要往上爬,但爬不上去」。而礙於文化或經濟資本不足、上流社會的品味也不時變化,中產階級總是無法真正習得上流品味,「不是做得太多,就是做得太少」,永遠無法自然表現、恰到好處。</p><blockquote style="background: transparent; border-left: 5px solid rgb(0, 160, 180); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 20px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">相對於大布爾喬亞們收藏名畫和奢侈品,他們(<span class="cavacnote" popuptext="小資產階級的簡稱,介於富裕的資產階級、資本家及無產階級之間,如受雇者、上班族。" popuptitle="" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">小布爾喬亞,即中產階級<span class="arrow fa fa-caret-down" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>)注定花很多時間和心血去收藏並分類那些廉價的小東西(集郵和微型工藝品)——那些相對於主流知識而言,通常已降級的微型文化(</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">culture en petit</span><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)。</span></p></blockquote><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮順勢提到前陣子瘋傳、上下集觀看次數平均近700萬次的網路影片《山道猴子的一生》。Eric Duan製作的《山道猴子的一生》,以「車圈」跑山文化為背景。故事主角是位在超商上班的年輕重機車友,因自卑而虛榮心膨脹,想分期付款購買售價上看百萬的酷炫重型機車跑山,陷入還款、負債的迴圈。遇到勢利劈腿的感情對象後,在新一段關係裡是非不分、迷失自我,最後遺憾地在臨時起意的山道飆車中意外身亡。</p><iframe allow=";" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GqNB_mZGoxY" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="800"></iframe><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮分析,《山道猴子的一生》主角稱不上貧窮,也不算富裕,卻為了墊高自己的社會地位,打腫臉充胖子,超支、借貸購車,卻終究沒能得到認可,也讓正直的友人、善良的伴侶離自己越來越遠。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這似乎能對應到布赫迪厄在《區判》中,提到中產階級可能會刻意搬弄並不打從心底瞭解的詞彙,或是借款支付自己難以負擔的生活型態。布赫迪厄在書中指出,這種「對財產的焦慮感」、「沒有安全感的心態」,除了展現於拚命收藏不主流的藝術品,也表現在對情人的佔有欲跟嫉妒之上。</p><blockquote style="background: transparent; border-left: 5px solid rgb(0, 160, 180); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 20px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">總之,一句話,自信。這種擁有的自信,也精準地對照於天真、無知、卑賤、認真,正是在此洩漏他並不符合主流。「若有比我更不屈不撓的,就去做吧!」「一顆勇敢的心,沒有什麼不可能。」「在功夫上,我獨孤求敗。」</span></p></blockquote><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">不過,邱德亮也提醒讀者,雖然布赫迪厄劃分出支配階級、中產階級、普羅大眾這三種階級,卻也同時強調階級內部蘊含的差異。以所有成員「資本總量」都很高的支配階級為例,即使位處優勢,每個成員的「資本種類」間的配置卻可能並不相同。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">學界最常舉的例子,就是大學教授與富豪。大學教授享有社會名譽及學術聲望,具有高度文化資本,卻並非社會上最有錢、最具經濟資本的一群人。反之,富豪雖然擁有令人稱羨的財富(即經濟資本),卻可能也相對欠缺文化資本的積累。這兩群人雖然同屬支配階級,卻由於資本配置不同,品味、氣質也會有具體差異。</p><h3 style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.275; margin: 1.9125em 0px 0.6375em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤咖啡廳一見鍾情並非偶然:一切都關於資本與階級</strong></h3><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">關於階級與品味的關聯,生活中的例子是所謂「一見鍾情」。我們總會聽到這樣的故事:一個人在咖啡廳遇到陌生人,相談甚歡,一見鍾情。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮說,這看似是命運的巧合,但從布赫迪厄的角度出發,這樣的相遇必然也經歷重重的社會篩選:</p><blockquote style="background: transparent; border-left: 5px solid rgb(0, 160, 180); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 20px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 標楷體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">社會感(sens social)可以由每個人身上承載無限多餘的象徵性符號系統來辨認和彼此標定:衣著、口音、舉止、步伐、儀態等,都會無意地被記錄成為「反感」或「好感」的基本選項。</span></p></blockquote><div style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="image" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="533" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/binace_pai_17_0.png" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="800" /><figcaption style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; color: black; display: table-caption; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">取自 canva/ <a href="https://www.canva.com/photos/MAEJJLyRB7k/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">mediaphotos</a></figcaption></figure></div><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">從《區判》的分析看來,巧合背後都是基於資本的篩選,甚至可以說是相當「暴力」、一翻兩瞪眼:擁有相似的資本、產生類似的品味,才會將彼此視為自己人。我們可以思考:開頭的話題假使是閱讀選擇與電影,兩個人如何才會剛好都讀到一樣的書、看同類型的電影並產生類似的感受?怎樣的人平常會去咖啡廳?(有閒暇餘裕、不必為維持生計奔忙的人)什麼社會條件的人才會習慣在咖啡廳讀書?(有閱讀習慣、嚮往成為知識分子的人)</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮特別澄清,人們未必是處心積慮想展現階級地位,才刻意選擇自己要讀什麼書、看什麼電影、聽什麼音樂。連布赫迪厄也承認,人們的心態確實常常單純地認為,自己的種種選擇是出於「我剛好喜歡」。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">然而,品味與階級之間的關連,並不是人們沒有意識到就不存在。甚至正是由於人們經常沒有意識到兩者間的關連,才讓支配階級除了可以坐擁各種優勢,還能同時宣稱他們並非得益於經濟或文化資本雄厚,而是自身「有內涵」值得擁有優勢。相反地,其他人沒能享受到經濟或文化資本上的好處,則是自己不夠努力上進、「沒氣質」。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邱德亮也分享,在臺灣,富有財力的支配階級常會自稱很有「文化底蘊」。「到底文化底蘊是什麼意思,現場有人可以告訴我嗎?這樣的詞聽起來很偉大,好像是我們自己沒水準都不懂,如果真的要去問他們『底蘊』是什麼,還怕會被白眼。」邱德亮表示,即使自誇者實際上內涵空洞,支配階級卻還是能藉此強調、說明個人品味何以優越,進而正當化他們所擁有的特權。</p><h3 style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.275; margin: 1.9125em 0px 0.6375em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤期待透過《區判》,</strong><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">開展對台灣社會的理解</strong></h3><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">講座最後,邱德亮指出,布赫迪厄的主張經常被誤讀。不少人以為他強調的是優勢階級一定會特別喜歡怎樣的藝術,或是會用什麼樣的行事作風。在這樣的誤讀下,不時會有人批評《區判》已過時,或者太過仰賴法國經驗。邱德亮也誠實補充,他曾詢問法國人,得到的答覆也是書中案例確實已不太符合法國現狀。</p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但是,邱德亮想提醒讀者,閱讀《區判》時,不該被書中對70年代法國案例的討論侷限。他建議讀者可以練習運用布赫迪厄提供的文化資本、階級與品味的分析視角,去思考、去觀察自身所處的社會狀態。他期待引進《區判》之後,能進一步發展出更多符合台灣現況的社會分析——這也是他懷抱使命感,花費10年心力與同儕腦力激盪、來回討論,完整翻譯本書的初衷。<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 新細明體; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a0b4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">●</span></span></p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="671" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/img_7229.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; max-width: 800px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="503" /></p><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; color: #424242; empty-cells: show; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><tbody style="background: transparent; border-top-style: inherit; border-top-width: inherit; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"><td style="background: transparent; border-color: rgb(203, 203, 203); box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: top;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.books.com.tw/exep/assp.php/openbookatbooks/products/0010957652?utm_source=openbookatbooks&utm_medium=ap-books&utm_content=recommend&utm_campaign=ap-202310" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank"><img alt="quan_qiu_hua_de_shi_dai_w300.jpg" height="273" src="https://www.openbook.org.tw/sites/default/files/u22513/messageimage_1696224033202.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; line-height: 0; margin: 0px 1.25em 0px 0px; max-width: 800px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="205" /></a><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">區判:品味判斷的社會批判</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La Distinction : critique sociale du jugement</em></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />作者:皮耶.布赫迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />譯者:邱德亮<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />出版:麥田出版<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />定價:920元<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />【<a href="http://www.books.com.tw/exep/assp.php/openbookatbooks/products/0010957652?utm_source=openbookatbooks&utm_medium=ap-books&utm_content=recommend&utm_campaign=ap-202310" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007b89; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">內容簡介<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a0b4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">➤</span></a>】</p></td></tr><tr style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"><td style="background: transparent; border-color: rgb(203, 203, 203); box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0.5em 1em; vertical-align: top;"><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px 0px 1.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">作者簡介:皮耶.布赫迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)</strong></p><p style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">法國一代社會學大師,1930年生,後於巴黎大學文學院及高等師範學院受教,取得哲學教師資格。自1964年起先後任教於法國高等研究應用學院及高等社會科學院,1981年成為法蘭西公學社會學教授。長期主編《社會科學研究學報》(<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales</em></span>),奠定其法國社會學研究主導地位。1996年自立門戶,開辦「以行動為由」出版社(<span style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liber-Raison d’agir</span>),專門出版社會科學宣傳小冊。終其一生,布赫迪厄不斷透過學術論辨及社會參與投身世界,著作俱稱經典,主要作品有《區判》、《學術人》、《國家貴族》、《繼承者》、《藝術的法則》、《社會學問題》、《世界的苦難》、《論電視》、《防火牆》、《實作理論綱要》、《所述之言》等。2002年辭世。相關著作:《以火攻火:催生一個歐洲社會運動》</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-63041614033221475432023-07-22T22:50:00.001-07:002023-07-22T22:50:02.596-07:00縱貫性研究(longitudinal research或longitudinal study)<p> 名詞解釋:</p><p>縱貫性研究(longitudinal research或longitudinal study),或稱長期性研究,係對一群研究對象進行長時間觀察或蒐集資料的研究方式,主要為探討研究對象在不同時期的演變,目前已越來越普遍用於測量變化及解釋因果等研究。縱貫性研究的資料往往涵蓋多個時間點,在某些研究議題上,分析的資料甚至橫跨數十年。</p><p><br /></p><p>縱貫性研究常用於心理學、社會學及其他領域,用以探討人們生命週期的發展趨勢與生活事件的影響。相對於橫斷性研究(cross-sectional studies),縱貫性研究可以觀察事件發生時間的順序,探討隨時間變化的變項,特別有助於掌握社會變化。</p><p><br /></p><p>縱貫性研究可分為時間序列研究(time-series research)、追蹤研究(panel study)、世代研究(cohort study)。時間序列研究係指研究者每隔一段時間即收集一次相同的橫斷面樣本資料,藉此瞭解這些資料在不同時間上所呈現的差異;其研究對象不需是相同人群或樣本。追蹤研究則是在不同時間點針對相同人群或樣本進行橫斷面資料蒐集。相較於時間序列研究,追蹤研究的困難度更高,也需耗費更多成本,因為追蹤的樣本很可能隨時間消失或變得無法聯繫。雖然如此,設計完善的追蹤研究是非常有價值的,即使是短期的追蹤研究都有助於釐清特定生命事件帶來的影響。世代研究與追蹤研究相似,但主要針對在某特定時間有相似生命經驗的人群進行長時間研究,故研究樣本不一定是完全相同的一群人。世代研究屬宏觀分析,其重視的是整個世代或類型的特徵,而非特定的個人,故研究時必須先清楚定義哪些人擁有相同的生命經驗。</p><p><br /></p><p>參考資料:</p><p>Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approach (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.</p><p><br /></p><p>縱貫性研究;長期性研究</p><p>longitudinal research</p>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-25865533610706550822023-07-14T06:44:00.000-07:002023-07-14T06:44:24.470-07:00Technovation<p><a href="https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=14726&tip=sid&exact=no" title="SCImago Journal & Country Rank"><img alt="SCImago Journal & Country Rank" border="0" height="204" src="https://www.scimagojr.com/journal_img.php?id=14726" width="204" /></a></p>
<a href="https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=17359&tip=sid&exact=no" title="SCImago Journal & Country Rank"><img alt="SCImago Journal & Country Rank" border="0" src="https://www.scimagojr.com/journal_img.php?id=17359" /></a>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-52310957645372384002023-07-09T17:04:00.001-07:002023-07-09T17:04:04.789-07:00 文獻探討的寫作與邏輯<p> <span style="font-family: 標楷體;">文獻探討的寫作與邏輯:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">
a.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳述技術面:為其後論述鋪陳,是提供證明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,還是提供反證</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,換言之,為研究的討論章節提供辯證的空間,凡在討論的章節中有提及的文獻,均須在文獻探討中有存在過。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><br />
b.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內容邏輯面:文獻探討的核心價值在於陳述研究者的思維建構世界,也就是要清晰的交所主張的邏輯是如何產生的,所以不良的論述常奠基於疏漏的文獻探討。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於論文寫作:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><br />
a.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">別讓您的論文具有「爛片」的元素,一旦碰觸到任何一種,都對被「桌面拒絕」,連審都不用等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-90552551709515208202023-06-15T03:32:00.002-07:002023-09-02T23:30:09.428-07:00透過自我反思決定下一步透過自我反思決定下一步<br /><br />在分析外在環境的同時,深入的自我了解也很重要,我們強調高度的自我反思。反身性或反思性(reflexivity)是一個是自我內在對話的日常習作,它是連結著結構性特徵以及個人思維和行動的中介機制。這個機制,透過日常的自我對話,思考自己的行為背後的價值信仰、自身與他人的權力關係,自己所擁有的資源與限制,然後形成下一個行動決策。課堂上的各種討論設計,除了讓大家學習理性溝通之外,其實也引導各位進行自我對話,思考自己與其他人的差異以及自己的結構性位置所產生的影響。反身性是現代人面對無法規畫和預期的人生,遇到種種挫折時,所發展出來的自我調節與改善的能力。因此這項能力和在快速變遷的社會中變得異常重要。<br /><br /><br />“反身性”的认知机制。<br />英文名称reflexive thinking所属学科社会学<br /><br />人之为人,在于人的实践具有“反身性”(reflexivity)。依据美国社会学家H.G.<a href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&Name=%E5%8A%A0%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8CH.&Type=bkzyb&subSourceType=000003000003000003&SourceID=497469">加芬克尔</a>(Harold Garfinkel,1917~2011)的观点来看,“反身性”实际上是指这样一个过程:人们处身于世界之中,既能理解其所面对的情境之于自身的意义,进而基于这一意义做出相应行动;同时又能关注行动对情境的影响,并据此或调整自己的行动,或进一步确定情境的意义。从逻辑上讲,其间隐含有一前后相继的循环链,即<div><br /><div>“(情境之于自身的)意义理解<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" />行动<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" /><br />(聚焦行动及其对情境的影响的)反身性思考<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" />意义理解<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" />行动……”。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>“没有反身性,就没有社会”(No reflexivity; no society),美国社会学家M.S.阿切尔(Margaret Scotford Archer,1943~ )曾将“反身性”称作“未言明的社会生活境况”(unacknowledged condition of social life),并对其认知机制——“反身性思考”进行了探析,在她看来,所谓“反身性思考”是所有正常人在其共同拥有的“心智能力”(mental ability)的“惯常运作”(regular exercise),或者更进一步说,是借由使用语言、情感、知觉而展开的“内部对话”(internal conversations)的支持下,基于自身与(社会)情境之间的关系对自身或(社会)情境进行审视与界定的认知过程。<br /><br /><br /><br />扩展阅读<br />GARFINKEL H.Studies in Ethnomethodology.Englewood-Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1967.<br />ARCHER M S.Making our Way through the World: Human Reflexivity and Social Mobility.New York:Cambridge University Press,2007.</div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-76671493689995057172023-06-15T01:26:00.006-07:002023-09-02T23:22:25.711-07:00黃厚銘: 皮耶.布赫迪厄與反身社會學<p> https://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/22/22-02.htm</p><p align="center" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12pt;"><nobr>[ <a href="https://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/22/index.htm" target="">首頁</a> ]</nobr></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: large;"><b>皮耶.布赫迪厄與反身社會學</b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US">(reflexive sociology)</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="標楷體">黃厚銘</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face="標楷體">政治大學社會系</span></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 20.2pt 12pt 27pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體">無疑地,基於某些根本上就是社會學的原因,其中可以舉出下列兩點:哲學在研究人員訓練中的次要角色,以及批判的政治傳統隱而不顯,使得美國(社會學)傳統最欠缺對學院制度,或更精確來說,對社會學制度的真正反身性與批判性分析。這種反身性與批判性的分析並非目的自身,而是科學進展的前提條件。(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu & </span><span face="標楷體" lang="EN-US">Waqauant</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1992:72</span><span face="標楷體">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>故做姿態,還是堅持反身性思考?</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US">2002</span><span face="新細明體">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span face="新細明體">月</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span face="新細明體">日凌晨,甫於網路上得知皮耶.布赫迪厄過世的消息,此刻的心情極為複雜,既傷其早逝,總覺得享年七十一歲的他,要是多活幾年定能再多寫些令我眼睛一亮的好書;</span><span face="新細明體">更惶恐於該為這篇導讀寫些什麼,一本自身就是在引介思想家思想的二手書籍,到底還需要怎樣的導讀呢</span><span face="新細明體">?我想,促成我與麥田出版社結緣的一篇書評,或許可以是個恰當的引子:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">「<span lang="EN-US">1981</span></span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">年的法國,有位大器晚成的社會學家當選法蘭西學院的院士,他是當代法國最有影響力的思想家之一:布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">但在輩分上,</span><span face="新細明體">他其實是米歇.傅柯(<span lang="EN-US">Michel Foucault)</span></span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、</span><span face="新細明體">雅克.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">德希達(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">Jacques Derrida</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)的同輩。布赫迪厄的院士就職演說主題是『演講』,他以就職演說在制度上的儀式性意</span><span face="新細明體">含</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">為起點,</span><span face="新細明體">將其對制度與人之間關係的分析指向自己所處的學術體制</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、乃至於所從事的社會學研究自身。在獲頒院士榮銜的那一刻,</span><span face="新細明體">卻以此儀式,乃至於整個社會學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、學術體制做為反省的對象,這充分體現布赫迪厄對反身社會學的堅持</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">與其深刻的自我反省。</span><span face="新細明體">這場演講的內容後來即以</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">『一場討論演講的演講』為名</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">收錄在他所出版的書籍當中。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「布赫迪厄也曾出版了一本探討電視的小書。這本書實際上是電視節目的書面記錄,所以原來是『一齣討論電視節目的電視節目』。顯然布赫迪厄又要演示他最擅長的反身性思辯,亦即他時時得考慮到,自己在此所提出的任何主張都適用於描述他現在的所作所為。</span><span face="新細明體">是故,當他劈頭即主張電視節目的形式不利於深入的分析探討時</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,他就必須回答:那麼他自己又準備藉著電視節目來分析探討些什麼?這麼做又有何意義?於是,這位反身社會學的提倡者所主持的一齣電視節目就此展開</span><span face="新細明體">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">⋯⋯</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「布赫迪厄指出,電視節目的製作流程使上節目的人失去自主性,討論的主題被指定、發言時間也受到限制,乃至記者們也以獨家與新奇為尚,把自己的品味投射到觀眾身上,要求簡化的煽動性言論,而非嚴格、深入的論證。恰好又有許多學者專家在意的是<b>知名度</b>,為了能夠上節目,隨時都準備接受各種指派、限制與妥協。當然,這一切都是在媒體商業化與市場導向、乃至於政治力的影響下上演。但是,布赫迪厄既然希望學者專家們能夠集體反抗這種傾向,那麼他是否也不應上電視呢?實際上,一方面,布赫迪厄在這個節目的製作上為自己爭取到主題、時間、乃至於內容不受限制的條件,另一方面</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">他甚至主張</span><span face="新細明體">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">在有利的情況下,藉著上電視來挑戰電視節目的膚淺化趨勢是一種義務。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「顯然</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">布赫迪厄對電視節目的分析不受空間、文化的限制,而仍能一針見血地點出台灣叩應節目文化的偏失。但我們無須急著區辨哪些學者專家是為知名度而頻頻曝光,而又有哪些人是自覺地試圖利用媒體來改變媒體。因為根據布赫迪厄的分析,每個人都想成為自己敵人的社會學家,以便把對方當成自己的研究對象,進而恣意地以表面上客觀的事實描述(</span><span lang="EN-US">description</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">),提出對他人的要求(</span><span lang="EN-US">prescription</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">),進而禁止</span><span face="新細明體">(</span><span lang="EN-US">proscribe</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">他人侵犯自己的地盤。從其象徵鬥爭的觀點來看,無論是學術研究或新聞報導,都經常操弄著大眾的知與不知,藉其命名(貼標籤)、分類的象徵權力來決定我們該遺忘、忽略什麼,左右我們的關注焦點與對事實的認知。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「目光犀利的讀者想必會問:身為法蘭西學院院士的布赫迪厄既然對學術體制多所批判,為何又接受學術體制的『收編』呢?或者,對學術體制的批判是否一定得來自學術體制的內部,否則將輕易地被貼上未達學術研究嚴謹要求的標籤</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">直接拋進學者們書桌旁的字紙簍裡?乃至於,對學術體制的批判是否等同於對學術研究的全盤否定,因而反過來動搖了布赫迪厄自己的學術權威、甚至他自己的主張呢?同理,在電視節目裡進行對電視節目的批判</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">是否只是既得利益者故做姿態的矯情罷了?抑或,對大眾傳播媒介的批判</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">是否非得依賴大眾傳播媒介不可,否則就無以發揮其影響力?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「其實,無論是論演講的演講,還是論電視節目的電視節目,都是布赫迪厄反身社會學藉著自覺追求自主的具體展現。在布赫迪厄的其他著作中,</span><span face="新細明體">對上述質疑</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">都有相當精彩的處理</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。倒是此刻在媒體上曝光的我,也該問問自己正在做什麼?」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">以上這段文字改寫自</span><span lang="EN-US">2000</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">年我為</span><span face="新細明體">《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">聯合報</span><span face="新細明體">˙</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">讀書人</span><span face="新細明體">周</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">報</span><span face="新細明體">》</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">所寫書評的一部</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,在這篇書評中談論到的反身性(</span><span lang="EN-US">reflexivity</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)概念</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">當然也可以用在這本介紹布赫迪厄的二手書上。我們可以用這個布赫迪厄式的提問當</span><span face="新細明體">做</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">開始:這本書的作者準備如何歸類布赫迪厄的思想?他想用什麼樣的觀點來凸顯布赫迪厄思想的特色?同理,本文做為這本二手書籍的導讀,又如何來定位這本書籍與其作者?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">本書作者主要是將布赫迪厄定位為一位將結構主義與馬克思主義擴展至更廣大的文化與社會、經濟領域的思想家。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">相對於此,我願意與各位讀者分享的是布赫迪厄的思想對我最具啟發性的部</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,亦即他有關反身性與反身社會學的見解。</span><span face="新細明體">換言之,這也意味著我認為此乃這本布赫迪厄思想之二手引介書籍所主要欠缺的。實際上,布赫迪厄的著作之所以在理路上如此纏繞詰屈,</span><span face="新細明體">除了他超越主觀主義與客觀主義的企圖使其論述看似反覆</span><span face="新細明體">、矛盾以外,最大的原因就在於其反身性的思考方式。是故,要引介布赫迪厄的思想,若未著眼於此,則將是一個不小的缺憾。因此,這篇擺在書後的導讀,其目的就在於把布赫迪厄思想放置在反身社會學的發展脈絡來加以定位,</span><span face="新細明體">做為本書的補充</span><span face="新細明體">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>知識社會學與反身性</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">反身性這個概念的浮現與知識社會學的發展密切相關,而知識社會學觀點的引入,甚至也是社會學徹底化的肇始。雖然當時的學者並沒有使用這個概念來描述自己在處理知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子論題時的處境,但</span><span face="新細明體">知識社會學的開山祖卡爾.曼海姆(</span><span lang="EN-US">Karl Mannheim</span><span face="新細明體">)並沒有忽略他的論述與其自身的關係</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。然而,</span><span face="新細明體">曼海姆</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">雖已注意到知識社會學觀點的引入為知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子論題所帶來的挑戰,遺憾的是,他卻急於擺脫知識社會學觀點自我指涉的處境,</span><span face="新細明體">而想藉由</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">凸顯知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的普遍性來迴避這個問題。因此,曼海姆一方面極力強調知識社會學的重要性,將其視為人類自我意識發展之巔峰。他認為所有的思想都有其社會根源與限制,社會的精神發展是人類群體在社會整體中相互衝突的反映。而知識社會學則有助於洞察隱藏在各種思想體系背後之社會位置的影響(</span><span lang="EN-US">Mannheim, 1993:71,75</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。但在</span><span face="新細明體">另一方面,他</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">卻深信知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子可以超越自己的社會位置所預設的特殊觀點,因而能夠以更寬廣的視野來</span><span face="新細明體">觀</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">照整個社會(</span><span lang="EN-US">Mannheim, 1993:74-77</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span face="新細明體">其關鍵在於,知識分子並非處於相同社會位置的一個階級,而是一個內部按照階級而有進一步區分的多樣化群體。此一群體也因此有其複雜的群體利益,所以不會受到特定階級觀點所限;並且,知識分子所從事的文化、精神事務,也使其得以有機會從他人的觀點來看事情</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span face="新細明體">這雖然不意味著他們必然會有不同於其他社會群體的行為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,但至少在行動上擁有更大的選擇空間(</span><span lang="EN-US">Mannheim, 1993:76</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">曼海姆雖然試圖徹底地運用知識社會學的觀點,從知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的社會組成來證成知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的超然地位,</span><span face="新細明體">但仍未能提出絕對的保證</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,因而只能主張知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子有別於其他階級的選擇空間。但既然有選擇,就不再有必然性。知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的超然地位</span><span face="新細明體">也就不再那麼確定</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。於是,</span><span face="新細明體">曼海姆不得不回過頭去訴諸道德上的要求來尋求補救</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。因此,他對知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的見解往往落入規範性的談法,常常出現責任、義務、使命等措詞(</span><span lang="EN-US">Mannheim, 1936:158,160;1993:69,72,74,79-80</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">顯而易見地,本來應該著眼於實然面的知識社會學,卻踰越了它的分際。曼海姆</span><span face="新細明體">的談法</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">不只是對知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的描述,也變成對知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的規範性要求,更同時是知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子在權力與權利上對於其他群體的要求。從另一個角度來看,這也是一種禁止其他群體僭越知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子專屬權威的舉措。由此可見,</span><span face="新細明體">曼海姆</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">的知識社會學所開展的反身性概念,還有待進一步的徹底化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" lang="JA" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>反身社會學的開展</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">在社會學的領域裡,反身性這個概念</span><span face="新細明體">最早是由俗民方法學的哈洛德.葛芬柯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Harold Garfinkel</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">所提出來的。</span><span face="新細明體">在葛芬柯的理論裡</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,這個概念有數個層次的意義</span><span face="新細明體">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">首先,反身性指的是行動者是有意識地面對這個世界,行動者試圖理解他所面對的情境的意義,並根據他對這個意義的理解,</span><span face="新細明體">採取適當的回應</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,而且還留意這個回應對於情境的影響,據此調整自己的行動或是進一步確定情境的意義。換言之,</span><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯主要是以解明(</span><span lang="EN-US">account</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">這個舉動來掌握社會行動的核心。在社會當中,每個人都預設了日常生活是有條理的,我們可以根據某些理路來掌握所面對的情境的意義。個人在行動之時,必然會對所面對的情況加以理解,試圖捕捉當下的意義,然後根據這個意義,採取適當的行動來加以回應。而這個回應本身,也參與了這個意義的形成。同時,這整個情境所呈現出來的意義,也做為脈絡襯托出這個回應的意義。亦即,社會行動在參與情境的意義形成當中,也使得這個回應行動本身被放進情境這個脈絡裡,進而反過頭來襯托出此一行動的意義。這裡蘊含了反身性的第二層意義,那就是社會行動自我釐清的過程。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">在社會學的發展上,最爆炸性的見解之一是他關於反身性的第三層次意義的看法。循著上述的論述脈絡,他主張社會學家也像日常生活當中的一般人一樣,都是企圖理解日常生活中情境與行動的意義,故而,他主張一般人也都在做社會學(</span><span lang="EN-US">Garfinkel, 1967:vii</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。換一個角度來看,</span><span face="新細明體">他其實也正是尖銳地指出社會學家都是一般人,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">都在過日常生活。所以,上述所有關於日常生活的分析,都適用於描述社會學家所從事的工作。這是因為他認為,不管是社會學家或是老百姓的活動都是實踐活動(</span><span lang="EN-US">Garfinkel, 1967:vii,1,4,7-9</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。因此,社會學家所面對的反身性,</span><span face="新細明體">還進一步迫使他們不得不把自己的研究觀點加諸自己身上</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。這種把研究觀點指向自身的動作,</span><span face="新細明體">在當時是頗為離經叛道的。所以</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,俗民方法學的學者們,在美國曾遭到無情的排擠。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯的理論主要是針對塔克.</span><span face="新細明體">帕深思(</span><span lang="EN-US">Talcott Parsons</span><span face="新細明體">)的意願性行動理論所蘊含的缺失而來的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span face="新細明體">帕深思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">認為社會學的核心問題是「社會秩序如何可能?」的問題,也就是所謂的</span><span face="新細明體">霍布斯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">問題(</span><span lang="EN-US">Hobbesian problem</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯的俗民方法學是順著帕深思的討論脈絡來著手</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,而</span><span face="新細明體">帕深思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">卻將此一問題從政治哲學的脈絡裡抽離出來,</span><span face="新細明體">以至於雖然帕深思的社會系統理論也處理了權力的問題</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,但在社會秩序的解決上,權力因素卻被排除在討論的範圍之外。因此相關的討論也變成一種抽象的討論,所尋求的是有關社會秩序如何可能的抽象保證,而不是實際的社會運作過程。隨之,</span><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">對於霍布斯問題的處理,也</span><span face="新細明體">局</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">限在這個框架之內,而沒有注意到權力因素。此一發展走向之更根本原因在於,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">早在契約論</span><span face="新細明體">者</span><span face="新細明體">探</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">討社會秩序如何可能之初,權力就被視為不可能做為穩定社會秩序的保證。這並不意味著權力在現實社會中不具重要性,但由於上述框架的限制,</span><span face="新細明體">與帕深思社會行動理論對話的傳統,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">也就往往忽略了權力這個因素。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯是根據解明在行動者之間所可能產生的效果,來解答社會秩序如何可能的問題</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,他主張</span><span face="新細明體">:行動者之間相互解明所帶來的交互影響,是形成社會秩序的關鍵</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。也就是說,社會成員的行動對於情境的影響</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">以及情境對於行動的左右,導致了社會成員之間的相互影響,進而,在這樣的互動過程當中,社會成員共同地參與了社會秩序的建構。由於這裡所展現出來的是一個不斷進行中的動態過程,所以葛芬柯</span><span face="新細明體">反對埃米爾.涂爾幹(</span><span lang="EN-US">Emil Durkheim</span><span face="新細明體">)把社會事實的客觀存在當做社會學的基本原則</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。相反地,他主張,社會事實應該被視為是日常生活協調活動持續不斷的完成,</span><span face="新細明體">同時也是社會成員</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">所使用的既尋常又技巧的方法</span><span face="新細明體">,藉以認知</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、運用</span><span face="新細明體">與將此一完成視為理所當然</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Garfinkel, 1967:vii</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">無論如何,葛芬柯的說法只是在為社會秩序的可能性尋求形式上的保證,而未落</span><span face="新細明體">實</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">到實際社會過程的運作中。</span><span face="新細明體">他</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">主張日常生活是有條理的,社會成員的行動是依據這個條理來理解他所面對的情境。此一理路可以分為兩個層次,其一是受到社會文化因素影響的道德規則,其二是深信社會情境必然有條理的認定本身,而此一條理的內容就是第一個層次的道德規則。例如,我們認定教室裡的情境是有條理的,因此,我們必須相應於這個條理決定我們的舉止,然而,</span><span face="新細明體">在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">教室裡怎麼樣的行為是合宜的</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">卻會由社會文化的差異所決定。</span><span face="新細明體">葛芬柯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">處理了第二個層次的認定對於社會秩序形成過程的影響,但他並不討論第一個層次的道德規則是如何被塑造出來、其內容是被什麼樣的社會機制所決定</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">以及如何被傳遞等問題,也因而忽略了實際社會過程中權力的影響。相應地,儘管他已把研究焦點指向社會學家自身,但卻尚未觸及社會學家何以能</span><span face="新細明體">占</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">據著超然的地位進行日常生活研究。反身性的概念</span><span face="新細明體">並沒有進一步引導葛芬柯去面對知識與權力的糾葛</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。也因此</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體">認為葛芬柯的反身性是現象學式的,後者所構想的只是一個認知性的主體,其背後的社會位置也僅止於空泛而一般化的生命歷程,而非具體的社會位置與權力關係(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992:70-74</span><span face="新細明體">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">隨後,</span><span face="新細明體">阿溫.郭德諾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Alvin Gouldner</span><span face="新細明體">)也提出了反身社會學或社會學的社會學的概念</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。在《西方社會學即將面臨的危機》(</span><span lang="EN-US">1970</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)這本書裡,他針對當時美國社會科學中的激進主義者反理論的傾向,主張他們背負了過多的道德訴求,以致將光說不做的理論等同於道德上的懦弱。</span><span face="新細明體">但郭德諾認為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,忽略自我意識的理論將使行動者無法認識到自身行動背後的預設,其結果不是運用理論,而是受到意識之外的理論所控制,甚至可能導致陷入自我矛盾而不自知(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:5</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。以此為出發點,</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">進一步把問題指向社會學家自身。他質問什麼是社會學家?</span><span face="新細明體">藉此敦促社會學家面對社會學背後的預設</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">針對什麼是社會學家這個問題,</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">更批判社會學家們往往混淆規範性應然與描述性實然之間的界限,常以他們應該從事的任務來當</span><span face="新細明體">做</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">問題的答案(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:25</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。其錯誤</span><span face="新細明體">就如同曼海姆那樣的知識分子從應然面來討論自己的責任一樣</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">指出,這樣的錯誤如果發生在其他的群體身上是可以原諒的,</span><span face="新細明體">但如果社會學家用他應該從事的任務來回答社會學家是什麼的問題</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,則會有自相矛盾的嚴重結果(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:25</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。這是因為社會學是以個人與社會的關係為其研究對象,卻沒有把社會學家自身也放進社會裡來進行自我了解,不自覺地以為社會學家可以超越這樣的影響。此時,社會學家理所當然地在自己與他人之間劃上一道界限,一方是研究者,另一方是研究的對象;一方是社會學家,另一方是一般人。而他們的研究隨之也自然而然地把自己排除在適用範圍以外。這似乎意味著</span><span face="新細明體">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">其他人是受到社會所影響的,但社會學家則不然。當社會學家強調他們可以輕易地、無可質疑地進行客觀、獨立自主的研究時,此一被視為理所當然的主張本身,就已經由於和社會學的基本預設相違背,因而動搖了社會學自身的解釋力</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">甚至是社會學與社會學家的存在價值。</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">深信,當社會學家認識到這個事實以後,他們將會接受知識社會學,乃至於社會學的社會學的重要性(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1970</span><span lang="EN-US">:55</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。然而,他也注意到社會學家們常常採取另一種解決上述矛盾的做法,那就是自我隱匿的方法論。這些社會學家們通常採用最高深的研究方法來進行研究,藉此</span><span face="新細明體">把複雜的社會現象簡化為變項之間的關係</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,隨之,這樣的現象也必須藉著特殊的測量工具才能加以探究。由於這樣的研究並非一般人所可以理解的,因此,一方面社會學家可以不必面對一般人的認知所帶來的挑戰,另一方面,這裡所蘊含的研究者與被研究者之間的鴻溝</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">也可以讓社會學家避開這樣的一個事實,那就是他自己也是社會成員的一員</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">自己也是生存於社會之中(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:55-56</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span face="新細明體">所以,相對於</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">實證主義的主要關懷在於如何如實地呈現研究對象的面貌,而研究者與研究對象之間的關係往往被誤以為是一種外在性的關係,</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾主張:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">「社會並非外在於社會學家,而是社會學家所熟悉的實踐與日常經驗。」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:56</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)</span><span face="新細明體">這也說明了我們先前所提到的把社會學家的研究活動與一般人的日常生活實踐活動等同</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、並使用日常生活的實踐方式進行研</span><span face="新細明體">究的俗民方法學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">受到排擠的原因。</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">指出,</span><span face="新細明體">即使研究者以為這樣的做法有助於提高客觀性,並且減低偏見的影響</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,但卻付出了社會學家越來越缺乏自我認識的代價(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:56</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。他在這本書裡針對社會學家獨立自主的意識形態所進行的批判,</span><span face="新細明體">其目的就在於</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">激發社會學家的自我意識。這不是為了貶抑社會學家追求自主的努力,而是企圖藉著提升社會學家對於環繞其四周的社會力量的認識,使得自主的理想能更徹底地達成(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, 1970:60</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">由此可見,社會學家所面對並不只是自我界定與自我建構而已,還有自我指涉所帶來的更尖銳的效果。</span><span face="新細明體">一方面是比葛芬柯所謂的反身性更為具體的反身性</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">;另一方面,也是比前述知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子論題所蘊含的自我指涉更為迫切的反身性。</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">的反身性意味著,社會學家所進行的研究與社會學家在社會中與其他群體的權力關係息息相關。一旦我們從社會學的觀點發現知識與權力之間的糾葛時,社會學知識也無法理所當然地把自己排除在外,否則就形成自相矛盾,動搖了上述觀點的可信度,進而影響了社會學觀點與社會學家自身的存在價值。也就是說,社會學家處於一種</span><span face="新細明體">由</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">社會學觀點自身所設下的兩難,他必須在知識與權力結叢的夾縫當中為自己的研究尋找意義,這也意味著</span><span face="新細明體">他必須</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">為自己做為社會學家的身分給予定位。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" lang="JA" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>知識與權力的糾葛與知識活動的意義</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">知識與權力的糾葛,這個問題可以說是法國當代思想家最關注的問題之一,</span><span face="新細明體">從傅柯以降就已經注意到此一問題</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,</span><span face="新細明體">而布赫迪厄則更是把這個問題指向社會學家自身來加以處理</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">傅柯認為,</span><span face="新細明體">伊曼紐.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">康德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Immanuel Kant</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)的哲學為現代哲學立下了兩個批判的傳統,其一是以三大批判為主的真理分析學,其二是追問我們的當下是什麼,以及我們是誰的當下存有論</span><span face="新細明體">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, 1984:50;1990:95</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。而且這兩個傳統其實是相關的,也就是說,康德在三大批判裡處理了我們能知道什麼?我們應該做什麼?以及我們能夠希望什麼?等三個問題以後,這些問題其實是歸結到「我們是誰?」這個問題之上(</span><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1970</span><span lang="EN-US">:341</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。由此可見,康德所立下的兩個批判傳統,實質上也是指向人類的自我認識。延續著這樣的工作,傅柯不僅在生命的末期,</span><span face="新細明體">自我表白地以兩篇討論啟蒙的文章來說明自己所從事的工作與康德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">以及啟蒙傳統的關係,做為自己一生努力成果的註腳。事實上,傅柯長期以來從事的有關知識與權力的分析,即是以人類的自我認識為目標。這是因為知識與權力兩者,塑造了主體,也因而界定了我們,所以,對於知識與權力的分</span><span face="新細明體">析</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,也就有助於了解我們是誰,我們的當下是什麼,而這個問題正是康德所開創出來的傳統(蘇峰山</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1994:149</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">傅柯對於知識與權力的分析至少有兩個特色,其一是關於知識與權力之間的關係。相對於傳統的權力觀把知識與權力對舉,知識是對真理的追求,而權力則會為了掌權者的利益而扭曲真實(蘇峰山</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1994:133</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。相反地,傅柯主張,知識與權力是相互包含的,權力關係總是有相應的知識領域的建構,而任何知識也同時預設與構造了某種權力關係(</span><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, 1977:28</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。另一方面,傅柯的權力理論還反對傳統把權力構想為壓抑性的說法,傅柯認為權力是生產性的,權力並非以壓抑的方式來達成其效果,而是藉著生產其作用的對象來產生效果。這樣的討論主要是針對主體與權力之間的關係來進行,對於傳統壓抑性的權力觀來說,權力不只壓抑知識對真理的追求,也壓抑主體的自我實現。顯然地,這樣構想下的主體,是位在於權力之外的本質性主體(蘇峰山</span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1994</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">129</span><span lang="EN-US">-131</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。但是,傅柯卻主張主體性不是先在的,也不是超驗的,而是常規化的成果,並且,在這個過程當中,知識也不是權力以外的領域,而是權力設計的結果與工具。知識與權力兩者不僅是不可分的,他們還共同地生產出主體。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">從反身性的角度來看,傅柯雖然促使我們從知識與權力間的關係認識到我們自身的處境,但也因此,傅柯自己亦必須面對這樣的觀點所產生的自我指涉的效果。換言之,果真如此,知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子如何為自己的工作定位呢?更明白地說,</span><span face="新細明體">傅柯自己所進行的研究</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,難道就可以理所當然地自外於知識與權力的糾葛當中嗎?傅柯對於自己所從事工作的意義自有一番解釋。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">如同我們所了解,康德企圖藉著批判哲學來為合理的知識立下界限,以免理性淪入幻象與他律,因此,康德希望藉著對人類認識能力的分析來為理性訂下規約性的原則。而傅柯一方面把歷史的面向引進人類的自我認識當中,因而完成了一系列考古學與系譜學的作品;另一方面,他卻把康德對於必然限制的討論,轉變成對於可能踰越的探究,也就是探索必然性的當代極限、找出什麼不是或者不再是我們不可或缺的構成要素(傅柯</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1988:27</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。他認為,所謂批判,就是站在邊界上,進行對於界限的省思,相較於康德希望釐清我們必須放棄踰越什麼樣的界限,傅柯主張,我們應該更積極地尋找可能的踰越。同樣地,這兩件工作也是相關的,傅柯批判的目的不再是尋找普遍性的形式結構,而是對那些引導我們建構自身為行為、思想與言說的主體的事件進行歷史研究。因此,這樣的批判不是超驗的,目的也不在於構作一個可能的形上學,相反地,這個批判的構想是系譜學的,而方法上則是考古學的——把我們的現況當</span><span face="新細明體">做</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">歷史的產物來處理,並且,嘗試從歷史的偶然性中,尋找其他的可能性(</span><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1972</span><span lang="EN-US">:85;1984:45-46)</span><span face="新細明體">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">也就是說,由於認識到知識與權力之間的糾結關係,傅柯已經放棄了對確定的基礎以及體系的尋求,以避免自己也淪入這樣的糾葛當中(</span><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, 1972:86</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。他所選擇的是,藉著此一批判性自我存有論來對我們所受的限制</span><span face="新細明體">做</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">歷史分析,並進而實驗超越這些限制的可能性(傅柯</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1988:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">34</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">儘管布赫迪厄與傅柯對於理性與科學抱持著不相同的態度,但順著傅柯所開展出來的知識與權力間關係的分析</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄以此</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">進一步討論社會學家以及知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子的處境。布赫迪厄認為社會學的研究主題是個人與制度的關係(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, 1990:177</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。相對於傅柯把社會世界視為不斷的戰爭,</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">則把社會構想為遊戲,</span><span face="新細明體">任何的遊戲都必須要求參與者全心全意地投入遊戲當中</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,依循遊戲規則,運用手中的籌碼,爭取遊戲當中所蘊含的賭注。而制度既是遊戲規則自身,也是確保遊戲規則不被反省的工具。一旦遊戲規則受到反省,人們將會從遊戲當中脫離出來,進而</span><span face="新細明體">發現遊戲中的種種武斷的規定,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">並開始衡量參與遊戲的必要性,以</span><span face="新細明體">至</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">於無法保持天真無邪的遊戲態度(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">Bourdieu</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1990:87,177;Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992:98-100</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄認為社會學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、乃至於所有的科學活動</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">也都是制度的一種,但因為社會學本身就是對於人與制度之間關係的省思,故而,社會學對於所有其他制度與個人關係的討論,也都適用於描述社會學與社會學家自身(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, 1990:177</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。然而,有許多社會學家卻沒有意識到這一點,</span><span face="新細明體">輕易地將自己排除在社會學的解釋之外</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,進而以科學之名採取一種至高無上的俯瞰姿態來觀察社會生活</span><span face="新細明體">。布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">主張這一類社會學家的舉動,就如同古時候的君王或是羅馬的護民官一樣,擁有劃定界限的權力,甚至是在理念上與現實上建構真實。他認為,這樣的角色倒是比較類似於法官,而不是學者(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, 1990:179-182;1993:42,52;Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992:70-71</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄指出</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,事實上社會遊戲所爭奪的賭注之一,就是這種為別人劃定界限的權力。亦即,做為社會學家研究對象的社會世界,本身就充滿了關於這種權力的鬥爭。每個人都希望成為劃定界限的主體,</span><span face="新細明體">而把他人當做對象來強加正當的界限在他們身上。用布赫迪厄的話來說</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,每個人都希望成為他的敵人的社會學家(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1990</span><span lang="EN-US">:193;</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1993</span><span lang="EN-US">:50;Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992:67-68</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。在這個過程當中,對事實的描述,也同時具有對現實形成要求與禁止踰越界限的力量(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, 1990:182</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)。此外,如果我們進一步研究上述社會遊戲的實質,將會發現,藉由語言、文字等象徵符號所進行的象徵暴力,實際上在遊戲當中扮演著極為重要的角色。由此可見,知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子或社會學家所從事的研究工作,極其容易就涉入爭奪壟斷呈現社會世界之正當權力的遊戲當中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">進一步來說,</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄認為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,百姓日用而不自知的常識(</span><span lang="EN-US">doxa</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)對於社會世界的順利運作有著極為重要的作用。此一見解延伸自前述制度能夠確保社會遊戲進行的分析。相對於常識,則是論述(</span><span lang="EN-US">discourse</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)的空間,或是意見(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">opinion</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)的領域。在其中,不同的論述相遭遇、相競爭,以便追求劃定界限的正當權力。這個存在於常識與意見之間的界限本身,也是社會權力遊戲爭奪的賭注。一旦被支配者擁有了足夠的物質與象徵武器來對抗強加於他們身上的定義時,遊戲的焦點就落入了意見的領域當中,也就是正統(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">orthodoxy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)與異端(</span><span lang="EN-US">heterodoxy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)之間的衝突。在這個過程當中,正統的功能就在於對抗異端的挑戰,</span><span face="新細明體">致力於恢復日常生活原來的天真無邪狀態(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">1977</span><span lang="EN-US">:159-171;1993:51</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。這樣的說法,也呼應了傅柯所謂的知識與權力的糾葛。而知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子或社會學家的論述對於社會之意義,也就因而不只是客觀的描述而已,相反地,這些論述常常自身就是社會鬥爭的一環。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">如同布赫迪厄所明白指出的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,這樣的分析其實適用於社會學與社會學家自身,那麼,接下來的問題是,一旦我們認識到上述的分析所蘊含的反身性,社會學家如何理解自身的研究工作呢?顯然地,這樣的疑難是所有對理性或是科學活動研究提出批評的學者們所必須解決的問題。但這並不意味著我們必須放棄科學研究,而是必須藉著這樣的自我反省來了解科學研究的限制。當然,</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">並不一廂情願地認為對限制的思考就可以使我們毫無限制地思考,他反對如</span><span face="新細明體">曼海姆一樣</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">理所當然地認為知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子能夠超然地思考,並批評這樣的想法只是絕對知識或是普遍理性的替代品,是過於天真的想像。</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄強調</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">,這些科學社會學、知識社會學以及社會學的社會學的進展,可以增加我們對於社會學思想背後的社會因素的認識,因而,也使我們能夠更有力地批判這些因素的影響,藉此,</span><span face="新細明體">社會學也能夠不斷地成長(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, 1990:184,186;Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992:43-44</span><span face="新細明體">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">總之,反身性促使我們</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">正視自身的限制,但這不是指接受限制,而是從具體的社會學觀點來認識限制,了解這些限制的歷史、文化根源。在這個過程裡,一方面,我們會認識到自己當下所受到的限制,以及自身之所以是如此的原因,使我們可以避免不自知地超越自己能正當地述說、行動的範圍,也就能讓我們更謙遜;另一方面,也可以藉著了解必然限制的不必然性,也就是這些限制的歷史與文化根源,使我們找到不必然如此的可能性。無論如何,從前述的討論裡可以確定的是,有意識地行動本身就是極重要的,而這也是反身性這個概念最基本的內涵。用韋伯的話來說,這意味著我們能更清明(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">self</span><span lang="EN-US">-clarification</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">),所謂清明就是指自我了解,而自我了解不就是長期以來人類文明所戮力從事的工作嗎(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">Weber</span><span lang="EN-US">, 1969:152</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)?</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">這也是馬克思.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">韋伯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Max Weber</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">)認為學術研究最重要的意義之一。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體">反之,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">如同</span><span face="新細明體">郭德諾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">、</span><span face="新細明體">布赫迪厄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">所指出來的,就知識</span><span face="新細明體">分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">子或是社會學家而言,缺乏自我意識的理性,往往造成更大的獨裁與傷害。也</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">正如郭德諾所說的,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">實證主義蘊含的社會學家與老百姓的鴻溝</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">導致社會學家付出欠缺自我反省的代價,因而忽略了知識社會學與反身社會學的地位。而扮演著社會學的自我反省之社會學理論</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">也就成為這個結果的祭品,伴隨著這個現象而來的資源配置,其實也讓我們見識到社會學內部知識與權力之間的糾葛。反身社會學所凸顯的知識與權力之糾葛,不是外在於社會學家與社會學知識的現象,相反地,這個現象也存在於社會學內部。甚至本文的目的也一樣必須被放在這樣的觀點下來理解,也就是說,本文也是企圖運用理論思考來反省社會學自身,藉以確立社會學理論在社會學中的地位。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page;" /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">【參考書目】</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, P.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1977 <i>Outline of a Theory of Practice</i>.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">台北:雙葉翻印。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -48pt;"><span lang="EN-US">1990<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. Stanford: Stanford University Press</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -48pt;"><span lang="EN-US">1993<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sociology in Question</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. Tr. by Richard Nice. London: Sage Publication.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 96pt; text-indent: -48pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Bourdieu, P. & J. D. Wacquant<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1992 <i>An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology</i>. Polity Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Foucault, M.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1970 <i>The Order of Things</i>. New York: Pantheon Books.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1972 <i>Power/Knowledge:</i> <i>Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977</i>. e</span><span lang="EN-US">d.</span><span lang="EN-US"> by C. Gordon. </span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US">The</span><span lang="EN-US"> Harvester Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1977 <i>Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</i>: <i>Selected Essay and Interviews</i>. Cornell University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1984 <i>The Foucault Reader</i>. ed. by Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon Books.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1990 <i>Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture</i>: <i>Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984</i>. ed. by L. Kritzman. London: Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Garfinkel, Harold<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1967 <i>Studies of Ethnomethodology</i>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc..</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Gouldner, A. W.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1970 <i>The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology</i>. New York: Basic Books, Inc..<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Mannheim, K.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1936 <i>Ideology and Utopia</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1993 "The sociology of intellectuals," <i>Theory, Culture and Society</i> 10:69-80.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Weber, Max</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1969 <i>From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span lang="EN-US">rs. and eds. by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">台北:虹橋(翻印)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Miller, James<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1995 </span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">《傅柯的生死愛慾》,高毅譯,台北:時報。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">傅柯</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1988 </span><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">〈傅柯:論何謂啟蒙〉,薛興國譯,收於《思想》,台北:聯經。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="JA">蘇峰山</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> 1994 </span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: Taipei;">《派深思與傅柯論現代社會中的權力》,台大社會學研究所博士論文。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"> </p><p align="center" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12pt;"><nobr>[ <a href="https://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/22/index.htm" target="">首頁</a> ]</nobr></p><synology-download-content data-context="content-script" data-injection="2023-06-15T08:23:38.512Z" data-version="3.6.0" id="synology-download-content-root" style="all: initial;"><div id="synology-download-content-container"><div id="synology-download-content-app"></div></div></synology-download-content><scispace-div id="scispace-extension-root" style="--fa-font-brands: normal 400 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Brands"; --fa-font-duotone: normal 900 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Duotone"; --fa-font-light: normal 300 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Light"; --fa-font-regular: normal 400 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Regular"; --fa-font-sharp-light: normal 300 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Sharp"; --fa-font-sharp-regular: normal 400 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Sharp"; --fa-font-sharp-solid: normal 900 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Sharp"; --fa-font-solid: normal 900 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Solid"; --fa-font-thin: normal 100 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Thin"; all: initial;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><div class="container" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding-left: 1rem; padding-right: 1rem; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 993.455px; word-spacing: 0px;"><div id="scispace-extension-app-root" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-shadow: 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0); --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"></div></div></scispace-div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-66675164176154948282023-03-12T13:06:00.006-07:002023-09-03T13:37:49.953-07:00Pierre Bourdieu的一些論述整理<p></p><div class="article-header" style="display: table; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 750px;"><h1 class="title entry-title" style="color: #333333; display: table-cell; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 40px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 710px;"><a data-id="6923165082511040009" data-item-type="page" href="http://nakenote.blogspot.com/p/pierre-bourdieu.html" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" style="color: #333333; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">Pierre Bourdieu的一些論述整理</a></h1></div><div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">在《資本的形式》中,Bourdieu區分出了四種類型的資本,但這四種資本的本質,卻有有些隱晦、有些外顯。這些區別,需有來賴於Bourdieu當初,藉由「資本 La capital」這詞來張顯其論述的意圖。Bourdieu自述「資本 」的主張乃承襲自<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D">Karl Marx</a>的啟發,對於「權力」的具體名詞,易言之,資本就是場域的談判籌碼;支配與被支配者間最核心差異。「使役」的原始面貌,就是高資本者對於低資本者的管理權力來源。<br />但與Karl Marx對於「支配力量」側重於道德觀,</span>Bourdieu卻有所不同,他更著重於資本的源起,易言之就是「實質影響力」的本質面貌。因此在理解Bourdieu的資本論時,勿須背負<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; text-align: left;">Karl Marx的道德觀來看待權力,因為</span>Bourdieu的主張「權力與秩序」乃是維持社會人群間活動的過程,至於公平與兌價,是其後的後世評價,而非當時談判的絕對要素。Bourdieu的這概念,是奠基於我們要去理解「某一時刻的場域」其基礎,必須真實的進入當時的情境狀況,而不能用現在的時空所賦予的價值觀來解讀。</div><div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">有了這種「動態」的概念後,就能更加扎實的理解Bourdieu四種資本的樣貌,這四種資本可以略分為兩種屬性;「累積性」與「揮發性」的動態本質。</div><div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">首先、「累積性」資本乃指可積累續存,在行為人的社會活動歷程中,雖較能保持存在,但並非永存,而會因時空變遷,如無法與時並進再創造價值,必然逐漸消逝(貶值):</div><div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">經濟資本:對經濟資源(錢、財物)的擁有。由不同的生產要素(土地、工廠、工作)及經濟財貨總體(收入、遺產、物質財產)所構成。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">文化資本:知識的類型、技能、教育、任何一種個人可以讓他自己在社會上獲得較高地位的優勢,包括他人對自己高度的期許。父母給與孩子們文化資本,可以把教育體系變成舒適且熟悉的地方而使他們易於成功的態度及知識。 相當於知識能力資格總體,由學校系統生產或由家庭傳承下來。文化資本又分為三種形式:內化形式向舉止風範(如對公眾演講時的泰然自若)、客觀形式像是文化財貨(如名畫收藏)、制度化形式指的是經由制度的社會性認可(如學歷)。</li></ul><div>具體的代表在於後人的繼承,如資產、文化素養等,在實質經濟力的掌控、社會化話語權等。</div><div><br /></div><div>其次、「揮發性」資本乃較難續存,在行為人的社會活動歷程中,需常常維護而能保持,但常因持有人的消逝而不復存在,以致毫無實質影響力:</div><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">社會資本:群體上的資源、關係、影響與扶持的網路。Bourdieu定義社會資本為「擁有相識和認可等多少有些制度性關係的堅固網路,這些實際或潛在資源的總和」。指個人或團體所擁有的社會關係總體,社會資本的獲取,需要靠關係的建立和維持,及從事社交聯誼工作,像相互的邀請、維持共同的嗜好的。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">象徵資本:個人在信用、名望和認可上有用的資源。相當於所有牽涉到名望及認可的一套規矩(像禮遇)。他是對其他三種資本之擁有的認可所帶來之信用及權威,使我們了解許多道德規範並不只是社會控制的要求,而且是擁有實際效果的社會優勢。</li></ul><div>具體的代表就是貴族的「家道中落」而虛有其表但無實質權力,。</div><div><br /></div>文化資本包括三種子類型:內含的、具體的和制度的。<br /><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">內含文化資本是指內含於個人的文化資本。.</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">具體文化資本是指如科學製置或藝術作品等物品。這些文化產品可以物理性地做為經濟資本被轉移(賣出),且「象徵性」地做為文化資本。然而,一個人雖然可以經由擁有一幅畫來得到具體文化資本,但若他有著相應類型的(因畫的轉買而可能或不會被轉移的)內含文化資本,他就可以只是「消費」這幅畫(了解其文化意涵)。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">制度文化資本是指個人所持有的文化資本在制度上被認可,一般最常指的是學業證書或執照。這主要是在勞動市場裡被認知。它允許文化資本能較為簡易地被轉變成經濟資本,經由對成就在制度上的等級加以給定其金錢價值。</li></ul>場域與資本:這些社會空間或客觀關係,乃是指在資源分布中所佔領的位置之間的關係,即不同資本(經濟資本、文化資本、社會資本、象徵資本)的爭奪。<br /><br />因此,施為者被分配到整個社會空間中的法則是:在第一個向度上,根據其擁有的資本總量;在第二個向度上,根據其資本結構(不同資本的相對比重,特別是經濟的和文化的)。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>Bourdieu聲稱,一個人如何做出選擇以便向世人呈現他個人的社會空間——換言之,一個人的審美意向——描繪了這個人的地位,並讓他與更低層的群體產生距離。具體來說,Bourdieu推測,這些意向是在個人童年時代所內化的,並引導年輕人朝向他們適當的社會地位,朝向適合於他們的行為,以及對其他行為的厭惡。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>「階級派系」將審美偏好傳授給他們的年輕成員。階級派系是由不同程度的社會、經濟和文化資本所構成的一個組合所決定。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>審美意向的發展,絕大程度上取決於社會出身,而不是隨著時間推移而產生的積累資本和經驗。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>文化資本的取得大多取決於「全面、早期及潛移默化的學習,這是從人們生命最早階段就在家庭內進行的。」<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>人們對於飲食、文化和藝術表演的喜好都是階級指標,因為他們的這些消費趨勢似乎對應於個人在社會中的位置。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Bourdieu</span>並未忽視</span>社會資本<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;">和</span>經濟資本<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;">在</span>文化資本<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;">的形成過程中所具有的重要性。例如,藝術的生產,以及有能力演奏樂器的前提,不僅關連到在藝術和文化世界中長期樹立的一些傾向,更是關連到經濟手段...以及[有錢有權者]</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;">的</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.0667px;">閒暇時間。</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>社會空間做為不可見關係的總體:因此,我們可以把社會空間比擬為區域(region)在其中分劃的地理空間。但是,社會空間的建構方式,乃是位居此空間的施為者、群體或制度之間越接近,其共同性質變越多,反之,距離越遠則共同性質越少。<br /><br />換言之,這種社會空間的距離(或稱紙面上的距離)等於社會層級的距離,但並不等於真實空間的距離〔也就是說不同層級的人仍可能有所接觸〕。<br /><br />Bourdieu 以「屈尊策略」(strategies of condescension)來說明結構與互動之間的差別,即地位高者象徵性地否定了與他人之間的社會距離〔也就是說,有所互動看起來好像沒有真實空間的距離,但實際上正好突顯出社會空間距離的存在。所以互動不等於結構〕<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">「<span style="color: red;">品味</span>發揮其作用,如同一種社會傾向,一種「個人的位置感」,引導佔據這些位置的人們一種既定的... 朝向某些社會地位的社會空間,調適到這些地位的屬性,並朝向合乎佔有這些地位者的行為實踐或財貨」。</div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>Habitus做為一種分類性的判斷(即品味):Habitus乃是藉以感知和評鑑實踐的架構體系(system of scheme),是持續經驗一個社會位置時所需的認知與評價的結構,其運作正好表現了它在其中被製造出來的那個社會位置〔即Habitus被場域所塑造,因此Habitus的表現會符合場域〕。<br /><br />也因此,(1)Habitus或品味(taste)乃是做為一個分類架構的體系,施為者依據其品味分類事物,同時也將自身予以分類。(2)另外,一個分類性的判斷,也預設了我們做為社會化了的施為者,能夠感知到實踐或表徵與社會空間裡的位置的關係。<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div>象徵權力做為構造之權力:至此可以討論在什麼情況下,象徵權力會成為構造之權力(power of constitution),即一種保全或改變在社會世界中之客觀原則、分類方式的權力。<br /><br />象徵權力的最高形式,是製造群體的權力,它以兩個條件為基礎:一、擁有象徵資本,象徵權力才會被認可;二、象徵的效力,必須視其觀點根植於實體的程度而定。<br /><br />階級群體與代言人:因此,在關於階級存在與否的鬥爭中,真正的關鍵是分類的鬥爭。<br /><br />所以所謂的「代言人」乃是群體的化身,而群體本身也只有藉著此種代理才能完整存在,並經由代言人來行動和發言。階級只有當有能夠公開地、正式地站在它的立場發言,並且自身他們就是階級本身的施為者存在時,它才存在,而且這些施為者乃是被因此而認識到自己是屬於某階級成員的人,賦予這樣做的權力〔換言之,階級不是一種實體,而必須仰賴施為者的實踐才能存在〕。<br /><br />「權力的象徵關係」和「象徵的權力關係」:<br /><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><ol style="background-color: white; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">權力的象徵關係,傾向於再生產並強化建構社會空間之結構的那些權力關係。這意味了,社會世界的正當性,並不是深思熟慮的產物,而是:施為者將感知與評鑑的結構,加諸於社會世界的客觀結構,然而,前者正是出自於後者,並傾向於將世界描繪成明白自然的。</li><li style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">客觀的權力關係,傾向於在象徵性的權力關係中再生產自身。透過不同的象徵資本,如尊貴的頭銜、學歷證明來進行象徵鬥爭。</li></ol><div><span face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf59yXTdox3ZUS5iCb05ZpqtVQAyZkG_zVw2fDUqudCaqo4GEMlL25sK6GEDqYyNidSy1O9mTSCTQcPtIOkPprQ_M1EUvwCCTtgda-pF2VMa8xwRASgdWmfxhWcO0NtRqzK_bUVigHw_m_m43RVkfI059oK0FK-D22mkFCKib7VzvAlFA2JXa3_OoF/s960/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf59yXTdox3ZUS5iCb05ZpqtVQAyZkG_zVw2fDUqudCaqo4GEMlL25sK6GEDqYyNidSy1O9mTSCTQcPtIOkPprQ_M1EUvwCCTtgda-pF2VMa8xwRASgdWmfxhWcO0NtRqzK_bUVigHw_m_m43RVkfI059oK0FK-D22mkFCKib7VzvAlFA2JXa3_OoF/s16000/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">延伸閱讀:</span></div><div><span style="color: black; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://nakenote.blogspot.com/p/pierre-bourdieu.html" style="text-align: left;">Pierre Bourdieu的一些論述整理 | 狂奔的赤裸筆記</a></div><br /></div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-60009636214746903992023-03-12T13:03:00.003-07:002023-04-22T06:02:36.758-07:00社會、身體與慣習:布爾迪厄<p> <a href="http://chianweilee.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_28.html">李建緯的胡言胡語....: 社會、身體與慣習:布爾迪厄</a></p><h2 class="date-header" style="background-color: #c0a154; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; min-height: 0px; position: relative;">2010年4月28日 星期三</h2><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/1kt/watermark/post_background_birds.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px dotted rgb(204, 187, 153); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 15px 20px;"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.72px;"><a name="4421668159709071322"></a></span></span><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">社會、身體與慣習:布爾迪厄</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #997755; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 14.72px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4421668159709071322" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 768.4px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;"></span></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8Jhdsql5I/AAAAAAAAAS0/IO1qQumV_Mc/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%871.jpg" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="285" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8Jhdsql5I/AAAAAAAAAS0/IO1qQumV_Mc/s400/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%871.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">布爾迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu, 1930-2002)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;"></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">第一節 生平簡介</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">現任巴黎高等研究學校教授、法蘭西學院院士的布爾迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu, 1930-2002),為法國當代具世界級影響力的社會學家。臺灣有許多他的翻譯書,可謂是社會學與當代思潮重量及人物。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">其主要著作有《實踐理論概要》(Ésquisse d'une théorie de la pratique, 1972)、《藝術的法則》(Les Règles de l’art, 1992)、《布赫迪厄論電視》(法:Sur la télévision, 1996;英:On Television, 1998)、《防火牆》(法:Contre-feux: Propos pour servir à la résistance contre l'invasion néo-libérale, 1998)、《經濟的社會結構》(法:Les structures sociales de l'économie, 2000)、《以火攻火》(法:Contre-Feux 2: Pour un mouvement social européen, 2001)…等。本文主要摘自他的《區分》一書(法:La distinction: Critique sociale du jugement, 1979;英:Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste;「區分」或有譯為「秀異」)與《實踐感》。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;"></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8KVCnyMII/AAAAAAAAAS4/2LW3GsLSOBg/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%872.jpg" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8KVCnyMII/AAAAAAAAAS4/2LW3GsLSOBg/s400/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%872.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">法蘭西學院院士的布爾迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu, 1930-2002)為法國當代具世界級影響力的社會學家</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;"></span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">他所關切的社會階級思想來源明顯地指向了馬克思主義;另一方面,和韋伯一樣,他也考慮到個人為了賦予社會現實意義而建構的再現(représentation)手段。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">嚴格地說,其研究方法超越了傳統社會學方法的二元對立,如主觀/客觀、象徵/物質、理論/實證、整體/個體等的對立,並建構了一個我們稱之為生成的結構主義(structuralism génétique)或建構主義方法論。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">第二節 理論摘要</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">一、階級</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">「階級」(class)是馬克思主義、社會學以及文化研究中的關鍵字。馬克思主義從經濟學角度提出了階級認同建立在客觀條件上,即取決於個人在社會經濟結構中的位置,以及與之伴隨而來的社會關係。整個社會被馬克思區分為「薪資勞動者」、「資本家」與「地主」三種。在馬克思主義這種以「經濟決定論」來解釋社會文化中所有特徵的觀念之下,過去、現在、甚至未來的文化狀態或發展,都被歸結為受到經濟基礎所決定與約束的。在馬克思的結構中,社會被劃分上層與下層的資產階級對無產階級模式,上層會透過意識型態的建構將統治者的價值觀內化到被統治者中。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8KiAoEB-I/AAAAAAAAAS8/PofWg_gH0Lo/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%873.png" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="181" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8KiAoEB-I/AAAAAAAAAS8/PofWg_gH0Lo/s320/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%873.png" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">馬克思主義從經濟學角度提出了階級認同建立在客觀條件上,<br />即整個社會被馬克思區分為「薪資勞動者」、「資本家」與「地主」三種。</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">然而,隨著社會複雜度的提高,單單從經濟資本來切入階級分類,其區分方式早已不敷使用,亦不夠細緻,因此而有了將背景、教育、職業、地位、性別與品味都納入階級考量因素的呼聲出現。因此,除了最主要的經濟資本上,布爾迪厄也納入了文化資本(cultural captain)、教育資本(educational captain)……等作為階級的考量因素。</span></span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8Kx8dYrGI/AAAAAAAAATA/pgXOzW4g6Mk/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%874.png" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="145" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8Kx8dYrGI/AAAAAAAAATA/pgXOzW4g6Mk/s400/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%874.png" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">布爾迪厄也納入了文化資本、教育資本…等作為階級的考量因素</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">二、慣習(habitus)</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">A. 定義</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">「慣習」 (habitus)又可譯為習癖、習性體系,也就是社會人過去社會或文化對於他行動所產生的慣性作用。它的建構通常是外在的、社會化的,而非天生的或理念的產物。但是,其影響卻是根深柢固。</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄向我們指出,社會生活應被看作是結構、性情(disposition)和社會行為共同交織而成的交互作用。通過此一交互作用,社會結構和這些結構的具體化的知識,生產出對行為具有持久影響的「定向性」(orientation)。這些定向性既是構造性結構又是被構造的結構;它們形成了社會實踐,也被社會實踐所成形。</span></span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LCo8bH2I/AAAAAAAAATE/Iq0YOQXoyGc/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%875.png" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LCo8bH2I/AAAAAAAAATE/Iq0YOQXoyGc/s320/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%875.png" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="235" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">社會結構和這些結構的具體化的知識,生產出對行為具有持久影響的「定向性」</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄認為有一套結構在統轄著日常生活言行的進行,而此一結構可用公式來表示:</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">◎ 社會實踐理論(theory of practice)公式:</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">「『慣習』(habitus)+『資本』(capital)」+「場域」(field)=「日常生活言行」(practice)。</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">社會化的特色在於慣習的形成。他強調,慣習作為一個持久的傾向系統,是個人在社會化中獲得的。這種傾向可說是認知、感覺、做事及思考的偏向態度。個人由於其客觀的存在條件而將傾向內化後,這些傾向就成為他的行動、認知、及思考的無意識原動力。內化是社會化的一個重要機制,因所有學習而來的行為與價值,經內化後便會被視為是自然而然、近乎本能。因此,我們可以發現,慣習不僅是一個「正在進行結構化的結構」(structuring structure),也是一個「已經結構化的結構」(structured structure)。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">此外,上述的這種個人內化的認知行動所遵循的範式(schemas),從它還可衍生出慣習的兩個構成部分:內化的實踐價值(ethos)以及身體的儀態(hexis)。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">B. 作用</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄將慣習描繪成一個普遍生成的組合體系,這些生成組合既有持久性,又可互換位置,從一個場域換到另一個場域,在無意識的層面上起作用。布爾迪厄的慣習概念,所探討的是知識的基本資源;這種基本資源是作為生活在某一特定文化群的結果而獲取的。慣習能夠知道在任何境遇中應如何繼續發揮功效,因此它是一種認識性的激發機制。它將個人的社會語境之影響具體化,並提供了一種渠道或媒介、信息和資本,且被傳導到它們所參與的行動中。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LWIYC9VI/AAAAAAAAATI/QX1FkpjbtcI/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%877.png" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="160" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LWIYC9VI/AAAAAAAAATI/QX1FkpjbtcI/s400/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%877.png" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">慣習能夠知道在任何境遇中應如何繼續發揮功效,因此它是一種認識性的激發機制</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">三、社會場域理論</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">「場域」(Field)是個人投資其文化資本,並運作慣習的脈絡所在。而布爾迪厄的「場域理論」正是建立在「人類的社會是處於一個逐漸分化過程」的事實。與生產組織下的技術分工所不同的是,社會分工涵蓋個社會,因為它是使宗教、經濟、法律、政治等功能得以相互區隔的分化過程。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄提出場域概念的目的,是為了社會空間中的「關係分析」提供一個框架。此一概念所涉及的是地位的分析以及對行動者所佔據位置的多維空間之闡述:一個特殊行動者的地位是這個人的習性與他或她在地位場域中位置相互作用的結果,而地位的場域則是由資本(資本形式有經濟資本、文化資本、社會資本、象徵資本四類)的分布而界定的。 換句話說,社會行動者的資本結構及資本總量,決定了其在社會階級空間裡的位置。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">進一步來說,在一個場域中獲得的資本酬勞可被轉換到另一個場域中,而且每個場域都是處於權力場之中的:在不同階級關係的場域中,每個場域都是鬥爭的場所。換言之,不論是在場域內部或外部,都存在著為爭取權力而界定一個場域的鬥爭。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 1px 1px 5px; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.456px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LgYY-GXI/AAAAAAAAATM/JlPHYMatGDg/s1600/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%878.png" style="color: #cc3300; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="111" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_j544V4IfunE/TL8LgYY-GXI/AAAAAAAAATM/JlPHYMatGDg/s400/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%878.png" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.3648px;">對布爾迪厄來說,一個場域中獲得的資本酬勞可被轉換到另一個場域中,而且每個場域都是處於權力場之中的</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">三、階級與品味</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎品味非天生</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄認為品味(taste)與藝術欣賞是人們學習而來的東西,而學習發生的地點通常是學校,因此高雅的品味以及對藝術的崇拜並不事先天安排好的,它是適用於上層階級和某些中產階級家庭的教育制度下的產物。換言之,品味以及對藝術的崇拜如同慣習一般,是文化的產物。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">對布爾迪厄來說,不同的藝術愛好(品味)、不同的文化消費,早已決定於社會階層差異的區分之內。社會主體各適其位,並反而利用這些差異進一步來突顯自我;藝術作品的生產與對藝術行為模式的期望不僅形塑了文化差異,而這些差異更擴大階層間的區分,並藉由這些區分製造出權力所在。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">2. 生活格調、階級與分類</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">早在《攝影:中產階級藝術》和《熱愛藝術:歐洲的藝術博物館及其公眾》書中,布爾迪厄就曾詳細闡述過文化趣味的三層模式:A.合法品味(精英文化);B.中產階級品味(中等文化);C.大眾趣味(大眾文化)。這是一幅與教育程度和社會階級相一致的品味與嗜好的地圖,是階級生活格調模式的開端:「每一種品味都聚集和分割著人群。品味是與一個特定階級存在條件相聯繫的規定性(conditioning)的產物,聚集著所有那些都是相同條件的人,並把他們與其他人區分開來。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">品味是以一種根本的方式來區分人的,既然品味是一種人所能擁有東西的基礎,那麼,一個人據此來對自己進行分類,同時也被其他人分類。」而文化品味的不同,正是各個階層用以區分彼此的手段與工具。</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4RMczbjFnCrfqLkPvoOmPi6tvYr2ZhOIPBBnr9dQf_bqX0wlq41_s5IE1EJ-0xvJROnbxU5GWOT4OXZkhCrnhuaoh78GHB09-CQg6T_IYOEY2WivoSmlNuLoyzNgpR386Tm3-8NKZmbl32zxUozt8vdbrO1X7GkkJr7C_CctU1P1kFbmjvmyE_X7c/s960/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4RMczbjFnCrfqLkPvoOmPi6tvYr2ZhOIPBBnr9dQf_bqX0wlq41_s5IE1EJ-0xvJROnbxU5GWOT4OXZkhCrnhuaoh78GHB09-CQg6T_IYOEY2WivoSmlNuLoyzNgpR386Tm3-8NKZmbl32zxUozt8vdbrO1X7GkkJr7C_CctU1P1kFbmjvmyE_X7c/w400-h300/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">四、消費的象徵性</span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄指出,資本主義中的消費,即交換系統,已不再以需求為導向;代替的是變成以象徵意義交換來進行生產與消費。至此,物品的象徵意義已大於其實際價值。由於商品價位與稀有性刺激了附加於其擁有者身上的象徵價值,商品所具有的象徵性區隔,遂被廣泛地用在各種社會商品與活動中,並按人們的品味界定其地位。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">這種消費的象徵性,令人聯想起布希亞在〈消費社會與消費欲望〉一文的消費概念。早期的布希亞以結構主義的觀點出發,認為物之消費並非滿足個人的欲望與需要。當代物品都不再對應到一種特殊用途與需要,而是對應於物的集合所代表的整體意義,因此當代意義下的需求不是需要某一特殊物品,而是對「差異性」的需求(如同LV包包一換季,也需不斷地購買一般,因為每件包包不一樣)。如同羅蘭巴特以廣義的符號觀點去分析「時尚」一般,布希亞也認為消費是一個意義的體系,就像是語言或像原始社會的血緣系統;消費體系是奠基於一種符號與差異性的規約上,而非奠基於需求與個人快感上的。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>第三節 實踐感(Le sens pratique)與身體運用</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎定義</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">實踐感是世界的「准身體」意圖,但它絕不意味著身體和世界的表象,更不是身體和世界的關係,它是世界的內在性,世界由此出發,將其緊迫性強加於我們。它是對行為或言論進行控制的要做或要說的事物,故對那些雖非有意卻依然是系統的、雖非按目的的來安排和組織卻依然帶有回顧性合目的性的選擇具有導向作用。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎實踐感v.s.遊戲規則</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">遊戲中的實踐活動依存於其實踐條件,而且也彼此關聯,故對任何具有遊戲感的人來說,它們直接播賦予意義和存在理由。在實踐場中如同在遊戲場中,耶切顯得合情合理且具有意義。但和遊戲場不斷地提醒參與者這是一場遊戲所不同的,社會場是漫長和緩慢地自主化過程的產物,可以說是一須自在而非自為的遊戲,故在社會場情況下,人們不是通過有意識行為參與遊戲的,而是生於遊戲、隨遊戲而生,而且信念、幻想和投入之關係是徹底無條件的,因為它的這種存在是無意識的。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎實踐感的信念</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄指出,在社會中的實踐信念並非某種「心理狀態」,更非對制度化教理和信條大全(信仰)之中由精神自由決定後的信服,而是一種身體狀態(état de corps)。這種實踐信念來自原始習得的反復灌輸,把身體當成備忘錄,當作一個「使精神只動不思」的自動木偶,同時又將其當作寄存最可貴價值所在。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">在社會的場域中,「信從」是整個社會場或文化場的從屬關係的組成部份,它表現為無數的認同行為,而在這些認同行為中不斷地生成集體的不知情。這些認可行為同時是在場運作的條件和產物,故都是對象徵資本的創造一項集體事業的投資,但這項集體事業的實現,需滿足一個條件,即社會場的運作條件不為人知。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎實踐感與身體</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄認為,實踐感是變成自然、並且是轉換為原動圖式與身體自動性的社會必然要件。在它的作用下,實踐活動基於以及由於它們含有其生產者所看不起卻顯示它們的主體轉換(trans-subjectif)生成原則的東西,故變得合乎情理。在實踐感的作用下,行為者從不完全理解自己所為,故他們的行動與他們之所知相比,具有更豐富的意義。因此,一切社會秩序都系統性地利用身體和語言能夠被儲存被延遲的思想這種傾向。這類延遲的思想可能被遠距離和定時觸發,只要把身體置於一個能夠與其相感應狀態和思想的整體處境中,置於身體的一種感應狀態中,而這類的感應狀態,凡是演員或社會場中的成員都會知道而產生種種的心理狀態。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">在這過程中,「身體素性」是具體的、身體化的,成為恒定傾向的政治神話學,是姿態、說話、行走,從而也是感覺和思維習慣。但身體素性並不是一致的,因為不同的社會場會對身體的屬性和動作加以定位,使得不同的社會選擇顯得自然的,身體在當中成為不同社會區別的模擬界面,如男女、年齡、社會階級、品味等。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">社會紀律或社會是是如何實踐到個體?個體學習社會紀律是通過熟悉而不僅僅是知識,個體在學習的過程中不知不覺地獲得了技藝與處世原則,這原則包括實踐活動或模擬作品的生產者所不知者,這是一種熟而生巧與通過指示與教誨來實踐掌握樣式的結構練習。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;">◎物的世界、實踐感與身體</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄認為,物體世界類似一本書。在這部書中,任何東西都透過隱喻談論其它事物,而孩子則在該書中閱讀世界。這部書必需以身體閱讀:不但是在造就物體空間,且由該空間所造就的運動與位移中被閱讀,而且更要借助這種運動與位移來閱讀。有助於構成物體世界的結構,是在一個按照這些結構構成的物體世界的實踐中構成的。這個產生於物體世界的主體並不展現為一種面對客觀性的主觀性:客觀宇宙是由物體組成的,這些物體是按習性施加於該宇宙的結構本身予以結構化的客觀化工作的產物。習慣是物體世界的隱喻,而物體世界本深只是一個由互相應和的隱喻組成的無線循環。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>第四節 對藝術理論的影響</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">藝術社會學自60年代開始圍繞著布爾迪厄的問題架構而發展,如文化合法性理論,正是建立在以下的假設:作品層級和觀眾層級之間的結構具有平行呼應的關係。舉例來說,抽象藝術或當代藝術的觀眾群,在文化、教育資本上均較高,也是較有「品味」的一群;而容易被理解的寫實主義繪畫的觀眾群,其品味或其在社會場域中所佔的位置,則較低。布爾迪厄這種將藝術作為一種區分手段的觀點,不僅早已滲入西方當代藝術論述文章中, 甚至在早期的中國藝術研究中,也漸受到影響。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">另一方面,布爾迪厄藝術場域與慣習理論的提出,乃將過去那種分析藝術行為採用一對一的孤例方式(「我」與「我」所見到的「這件」作品、「我」與「我」所創作的「這件」作品),轉向訴諸於行動者的位置及其傾向系統。藝術家的分析不再只是他的心理、他的理念、他的種種生平事蹟,而是注意到他所身處的這一行的特殊性,以及他與藝術市場的關係。對布爾迪厄來說,藝術的功能不在於它的昇華與抽離性,而「藝術的功能在於建立社會秩序…,而文化實踐的用途則在於區分階級與階層,並用以確認,某一階級對其它階層的宰制領導權。」</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>第五節 結語</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄在社會階層與結構的分析上,雖帶有馬克思主義與結構主義色彩,但從他承認並指出當代西方社會的多元性、象徵性(指標性)與不確定性此點來看,其分析與李歐塔具一定程度上的契合;另一方面,布爾迪厄也發展了傅科對於語言論述的象徵性權力運用的策略觀念,並吸收了維特根斯坦後期語言遊戲理論,為後現代思潮揭示並奠定了各種社會文化符號象徵中的語言論述、權力性質與運用策略之理論基礎。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">然而,布爾迪厄的理論並非毫無爭議。朋尼維茲(Patrice Bonnewitz)就對布爾迪厄的社會場域理論提出幾點質疑:</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><strong>◇ 現代社會階級的概念已不適用</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">當前的社會學家普遍認為,資產階級一方面作為唯一的資本擁有者已不再是事實了;另一方面,個人主義的興起,也使得個人能自行選擇他的生活方式。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><strong>◇ 階級鬥爭是過時的概念</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">朋尼維茲指出,從工業社會到後工業社會的過渡,表現在衝突的改變上,不僅是衝突焦點的改變,而且是衝突行動者的改變。在後工業社會,衝突的焦點從推翻資產階級,轉向了社會文化走向的控制權,特別是國家所定義的文化走向。如大型的資訊管理、生產與傳播機制的技術、官僚權力。因此,他的那種社會階級間的對抗模式應該被棄置。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><strong>◇ 社群各有其認同,不單是藉宰制階級的反對而自我定位</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">事實上,在每個獨特的階級(如普羅大眾)內部,仍存在著獨特的文化特色;他們並不一定隨著權力階級的影響而起舞。而且,社會階級與品味間的流動性,往往比布爾迪厄所描述的,還來得複雜</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><strong>◇ 其理論太過於靜態,忽視歷史的可動性</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">布爾迪厄的社會學理論常被指控對社會變動的分析不足,且太過於集中在「再生產」的機制及策略,也就是說,他的分析方法是傾向於共時性的而非歷時性的。朋尼維茲的此點批評,其實也常被用來作為結構主義(符號學、結構人類學)方法的缺失。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: large;"><strong>◇ 他的「再生產」理論忽略了行動者的角色</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">相對於宏觀的社會決定因素,個體在布爾迪厄的分析中卻顯得十分弱小,甚至消失。個體淪為社會的一個物件,一種受到超越個人的社會邏輯所控制的傀儡。布爾迪厄的理論造成社會現實的物化,把抽象的東西(如社會結構、學校系統)變成具體的物體/物化。</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">整體而言,前述質疑並非布爾迪厄所犯的錯誤,而是他所選取的方法本身必然會面臨到的侷限。重要的是,他提醒我們「品味」不再是一種摁認識論或中立的概念,它受到社會中各種場域所制約的。他同時也向我們指出,商品或藝術的消費不只是一種經濟交換價值,還是一種象徵行為。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: x-large;">【參考資料】</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">一、中文書籍</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">包亞明(摘錄)</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">2000 〈布爾迪厄─區分〉,朱立元編,《西方美學名著提要》,江西人民出版社,頁612~620。</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">Bonnewitz, Patrice(朋尼維茲)</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">2002 《布爾迪厄:社會學的第一課》,孫治綺譯,台北:麥田出版(法文版1997年)。</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">高宣揚</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">2002 《布爾迪厄》,台北:生智文化。</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.456px;">二、外文書籍</span></span><br />Alexander, Victoria D. </div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4421668159709071322" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 768.4px;">2003 “Art and Social Boundaries,” in Sociology of The Arts, MA: Blackwell Publishing, pp.228-235.<br />Bourdieu, Pierre </div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4421668159709071322" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 768.4px;">1979 La distinction. Critique sociale du jugement, Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.<br />1984 Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, translated by Richard Nice, Cambridge: Havard University Press.<br />1993 The Field of Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity Press; New York: Columbia University Press.<br />1998 Contre-feux. Propos pour servir à la résistance contre l'invasion néo-libérale. Paris: Liber.<br />2001a Contre-Feux 2. Pour un mouvement social européen, Paris: Ed. Raisons d´agir.<br />2001b Langage et pouvoir symbolique, Paris: Seuil. 網址:<a href="http://www.iwp.uni-linz.ac.at/lxe/sektktf/bb/HyperBourdieu.html">http://www.iwp.uni-linz.ac.at/lxe/sektktf/bb/HyperBourdieu.html</a></div></div></div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-29873773409741257532023-03-07T22:56:00.000-08:002023-03-07T22:56:12.890-08:00社會塑形科技SST的三種路徑<div class="separator"></div><div class="separator"><figure class="graf graf--figure graf--layoutOutsetRow is-partialWidth" name="c370" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; width: 38.802%;"></figure></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"> 社會塑形科技SST的三種路徑</h1><p class="graf graf--p" name="d3ad"></p><figure class="graf graf--figure graf--layoutOutsetRowContinue is-partialWidth" name="d0be" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; width: 34.614%;"><img class="graf-image" data-height="1070" data-image-id="1*tUN6MB6Y-_gDYkE-Jip7WA.jpeg" data-width="1200" height="178" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/750/1*tUN6MB6Y-_gDYkE-Jip7WA.jpeg" width="200" /></figure>20世紀80年代,科學哲學領域最盛行的莫過於科學知識社會學,圍繞科技與社會的關係問題始之乍現。此後,學術探索風潮開始把科學知識社會學的建構主義方法用於對科技的哲學反思中。在科技哲學的國際研討會上,以美國的Trevor Pinch 和荷蘭的Wiebe Bijker提出:「<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">我們尤其認為,在科學社會學中盛行的、在科技社會學中正在興起的社會建構主義觀點為研究提供了一個有用的起點。我們必須在分析經驗意義上提出一個統一的社會建構主義方法。</strong>」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn1" href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> 其倡議得到了眾多學者的回應,之後的五六年時間內, Donald Mackenzie、Thomas Hughes、Burno Latour等人先後發表一系列論文,出版了The Social Shaping of Technology、The Social Construction of Technological Systems,一種新的科技哲學:「科技的社會塑形論(The Social Shaping of Technology, SST)」。其基本論題是「科技是如何被社會因素建構起來的?」<p></p><p class="graf graf--p" name="3da1">為此而形成了三種理論流派:(1)以Thomas Hughes代表的科技系統論 (Technological System, TS);(2)以Latour為代表的「行動者網路」理論(Actor Network Theory, ANT);(3)以Pinch和Bijker為代表的社會建構論(The Social Construction of Technology, SCOT)。科技的社會塑形論開啟了科技哲學研究的新領域,同時也具有諸多理論弱點。</p><h3 class="graf graf--h3" name="ef85"><strong class="markup--strong markup--h3-strong">一、「科技系統 TS」研究路徑<figure class="graf graf--figure graf--layoutOutsetRowContinue is-partialWidth" name="795a" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; width: 26.584%;"><img class="graf-image" data-height="220" data-image-id="1*PEFZIKvN5e707DRdkrdbtg.jpeg" data-width="169" height="233" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/500/1*PEFZIKvN5e707DRdkrdbtg.jpeg" width="179" /></figure></strong></h3><p class="graf graf--p" name="44d8">Thomas Hughes是科技的社會塑形論的重要開創者之一,也是「科技系統」理論的主張者。作為當代美國著名的科技史專家,他以工程師的身份撰寫了多部科學科技史方面的著作,最具代表性的有:1983年出版的《電力網絡:西方社會的電氣化,1880–1930》,1989年的《美國起源:一個發明和科技熱情的世紀,1870–1970》,1998年的《拯救普羅米修斯:改變近代世界的四個有紀念意義的工程》,2004年的《人類建造的世界:如何思考科技與文化》。Hughes通過大量的科技發展史料的梳理和研究,在對科技的哲學思考方面也形成了自己獨樹一幟的觀點和理論,在《電力網絡:西方社會的電氣化,1880–1930》一書中,Hughes首次用一種語境型(contextual-style)的方法來分析科技,這種方法最基本的特徵就是立足於整體主義的視角,從社會的角度出發,把科技理解為與經濟、政治和文化同一個層面的概念,它們之間相互滲透、相互影響和作用,共同構成歷史發展的重要組成部分,因此,在眾多業內人士看來,《電力網絡》一書是Hughes的科技系統理論的開山和代言之作。1987年,在Pinch、Bijker合編的《科技系統的社會建構》一書中,Hughes從哲學上正式提出「科技系統」的研究方法和理論。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="72df">在Hughes看來,科技與其說是某種純粹的人工器物,倒不如說是由物理性質的人工製品(physical artifacts)、相關的組織和機構,以及立法性質的人工物(legislative artifacts)等組成的複雜系統。Hughes明確指出:「科技系統包括了混亂的、複雜的、解決問題的組份」,「科技系統的組份中含有科技人工物,如渦輪機、變壓器以及電燈和電力系統中的傳輸線;但科技系統也包含組織,如製造公司、公用事業公司、投資銀行,他們還將通常稱為科學的組份也融合進來,如書籍、文章和大學教育以及研究計畫」,此外,「立法性質的人工物,如規章制度也可以是科技系統的一部分」。<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn2" href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> 科技系統的組份之間相互影響、相互作用,構成一個整體,一方面,在當今時代,社會和科技已經無法抽象地分離開來,它們相互融合,猶如一張「無縫之網」;另一方面,科學科技化的趨勢不斷加強,科學家和工程師之間也沒有明顯的身份區分,「有無數的例子表明很多人接受的是正規的科學教育,並且願意使他們的方法貼以科學的標籤,但卻最終沉浸在科技發明和開發中。工程師和發明家接受的是正規的所謂科學的研究課程,卻毫不猶豫地使用既得的知識和方法。那些專注於並仔細思考與系統創造和開發有關的問題解決的人們幾乎不會關注學科之間的界限……」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn3" href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> Hughes希望借助這種整合了社會、政治、經濟和歷史文化的整體解析方法來實現打開科技黑箱的目的。關於科技的演化,Hughes認為,科技的發展本質上是科技系統的不斷進化。在他看來,發明、開發、創新、增長、競爭和固化是科技進化的六個基本演化階段,當然,並不是所有的科技進化都簡單地按照這六個階段前後相繼,嚴格按照以上順序出現,有可能存在相互疊加、同步發生甚至跳躍發展的情況。此外,在不同的階段,不同的參與者佔據著相應的主導地位:在剛開始的創新和開發階段,扮演重要角色的是發明者和企業家;在科技產品進入市場的競爭和增長期,起決定性作用的是企業的決策者和管理者;在成熟穩定的固化和合理化時期,通常發揮重要作用的則是科技和產品之外的人,比如相關的金融專家和顧問工程師,特別是那些具有社會效應和政治影響力的人物。為了論證科技系統的演化理論,Hughes的論述中有三個核心概念:</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="c734">一、科技動量(Technological momentum),是指現存科技系統中比較保守封閉、拒斥激進發明和變革的各種持久性(durability)的總稱,科技系統演化進入最後的增長和固化時期,思維定勢和固定範型開始佔據主要地位,動量也由此慢慢形成。在《電力網絡》中,動量描述成大量的機器、設備、結構以及商業考慮、政府機構、專業的社團、教育機構和其他組織試圖保持自身穩定的增長和方向。此論點在於詮釋「科技-社會」是為動態的量體,用網絡(Network)的概念來描述這逐漸擴張的量體運動可得到較具象的觀察,用動態的(Dynamic)社會量體運動就可以產生「動量」這概念。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="f968">二、戰線缺口(reverse salient),在於指出科技-社會不斷的演化進過程中,科技系統內部的各個組份之間的發展進度並不總是一致的,有些科技-社會組份可能快速發展,有些組份可能進展緩慢,這樣一來,系統內部組份之間就存在相應的落差或者不穩定因數。「戰線缺口」此一軍事術語來刻畫科技創新發展過程中的誘導性,「當『戰線缺口』不能與已有的科技系統發展相適應時,存在的這一問題將會被凸顯,解決這一問題的方法將會帶來一個新的具有競爭性的科技系統」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn4" href="#_ftn4">[4]</a>,為此「群體演化」的動力已被顯現。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="935b">三、科技風格(technological style)強調的是科技系統的社會本質和文化屬性,Hughes認為,在當今時代,科技不再只是科學的延伸或者轉化物,由於科技與社會融為一個整體,成為無縫之網,科技的產生和演化已經離不開社會的經濟、政治、文化甚至自然環境的參與,不同的地理環境、歷史傳統和文化習俗,都可能塑造出不同的科技模式,形成不同的科技風格。此概念就是為了說明科技本質上是社會因素建構起來的「在地化適應」,這對於國際企業研究(Internatioal Business Studies),蔚為核心論題。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="e22b">在科技系統與外部環境的關係問題上,Hughes認為,科技系統無疑關涉環境,但它們之間不像傳統所理解的那樣是相互滲透、相互作用的。就是說,只有科技系統內部的組份之間存在著互動,而系統與外部的環境只是一種單向的關係,它們之間是單向的影響。一個開放的科技系統和環境只存在兩種關係,要麼是系統依賴環境,比如,電力系統依賴於為它提供化石燃料的礦山;要麼是環境依賴系統,比如電力公司和依賴電力的公共事業等。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="9599">Hughes認為,塑形科技的參與者不僅包括科學家、工程師和科技人員等,還包括與科技相關的更大範圍內的社會網路。不同的自然環境和歷史文化傳統可能造就不同的科技範型,科技對環境的適應相應會形成迥異的科技風格。在具體的論證上,20世紀20年代,倫敦、巴黎和芝加哥三大城市在發電、配電和輸電的方式上截然不同,進而形成了完全不同風格的電力科技系統,導致這一現象既有地理環境、氣候條件等自然因素,也有管理體制、經濟考量等社會方面的原因。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="d07d">所以,很多方面的社會因素都會參與到塑形科技的整個過程中,宏觀層面的因素包括國家的歷史文化傳統以及政治經濟管理體系等,微觀層面的因素比如社會群體、法律和規章制度等也會對科技的形成產生重大影響。因此,科技的形成、發展並不只是從基礎研究、科技設計到形成新產品並被投入到市場的這一單向的線性過程,在整個科技的進化過程中,社會因素特別是社會需求和導向在科技革新中具有引導性作用。某項科技的形成並不簡單是工程師的靈感之作,而是根植於相應的社會環境和文化經濟土壤,比如,在基督教文化占絕對統治地位的中世紀社會,不可能發生第一次工業革命;同理,崇尚孔孟之道、帝王之術的中國古代封建社會也無法產生近現代意義上的科學科技。此外,在同一社會內部,不同利益、價值觀念的群體也可能會選擇不同的科技模式,國家在不同階段的政策、法律等也可能決定科技發展的方向。不考慮社會因素的科技即使在實驗室裡具有強大和先進的功能,往往也很難得到人們的認可和接受。「成功的實踐的工程師們總是知道,他們的工作是經濟的、組織性的和政治性的,就如同是科技性的一樣,他們知道一種設計如果太貴,如果不能吸引業主和顧客,如果它在適應一種組織結構上是如此的貧乏,或者失去了政治上強有力的支援,那麼即使它在科技上是可行的,也是失敗的。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn5" href="#_ftn5">[5]</a></p><figure class="graf graf--figure graf--layoutOutsetRowContinue is-partialWidth" name="d0be" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; width: 34.614%;"><img class="graf-image" data-height="2000" data-image-id="1*gLJYDDfxLtF-Jr3gMymScw.jpeg" data-width="1999" height="205" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/750/1*gLJYDDfxLtF-Jr3gMymScw.jpeg" width="205" /></figure><p></p><h3 class="graf graf--h3" name="18d9">二、「行動者網路 ANT」研究路徑</h3><p class="graf graf--p" name="6c4c">Bruno Latour是法國新社會學派的核心成員,也是科學知識社會學中巴黎學派的領軍人物。Latour在理論和實踐方面具有豐富的閱歷,早期在法國受教育時接受了嚴格的哲學思辨的薰陶,後來在非洲服兵役期間又參加了大量的類似社會學的田野調查活動,此後的1975年至1977年兩年多的時間,Latour又在美國加州的一家研究所從事人類學研究,不但細緻地觀察了實驗室的日常具體運作,還有機會訪談許多實驗參與者。得益於理論和實踐兩個方面的豐富積累,Latour涉獵極廣,著作頗豐,先後出版了一系列的書籍,發表了100多篇具有一定影響力的論文,比如《實驗室生活:科學事實的社會建構》(1979)、《行動中的科學:怎樣在社會中跟隨科學家和工程師》(1987)、《法國的巴斯德滅菌法》(1992)、《我們從未現代化》(1993)、《阿拉米斯或對科技的愛》(1996)、《潘朵拉的希望》(1999)、《重組社會》(2005)等。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="ea17">20世紀80年代中期,為了對抗和批判愛丁堡學派的「強綱領」,Latour與同事Michel Callon合作提出了「行動者網路理論 Actor Network Theory, ANT」,此後,「行動者網路理論」又被Latour和Callon從科學知識社會學移植到對科技的哲學分析之中。在《行動者網路的社會學:電動車案例》一文中,他們通過行動者網路這個新概念、新理論,系統闡述了社會因素是如何建構、塑形科技的。在這篇文章中,Callon描述了法國電器公司在1973年提出開發新型的電動車計畫,這個計畫需要另一家公司開發電池發動機和第二代蓄電池,還要求雷諾公司負責裝配底盤、製造車身,另外,還要考慮消費者、政府部門、鉛蓄電池等社會甚至是非社會因素。這些因素都是「行動者」,彼此共同構成了相互依存的網路世界。後來,Latour對行動者網路理論進行了進一步深化,提出行動者網路理論的三個核心概念:行動者(actor)、轉譯(translation)、網路(network)。雖然以前的社會學也會討論這些類似的概念,但Latour卻重新賦予它們新的內涵。這裡的「行動者」可以指人,也可以指非人的存在和力量。Latour認為,行動者可以是任何東西 — — 可以是個體的或者民眾的、擬人的或非擬人的,因此,行動者在Latour這裡,既包括實施某項行動的人,同時又涵蓋了與之相關的規則、組織和價值觀念等物化的東西。總之,只要是與具體的科學實踐相關聯的,並且因為自身的差異而導致事物狀態發生改變的各種要素都是「行動者」。行動者是一個實踐層面的概念,儘管它始終處於各種關係的網路之中,但每個具體的行動者各自具有不同的價值觀念、行為特質和興趣導向,即Latour所謂的異質性(heterogeneity)。轉譯不同于單純的仲介,仲介只是對意義和力量進行毫無改變的轉運(transport),只要知道了它的初始輸入值就能確定其輸出,比如電腦。轉譯則完全不同,它意味著對本來的意思進行相應的翻譯甚至修改(modify)。Latour和Callon認為,所謂轉譯,就是在整個行動者網路體系中,每個行動者都立足於自己的價值取向和興趣特點,用自己的表達方式把其他行動者的意思翻譯出來。這就意味著,任何一個行動者只有在被其他行動者進行轉譯的過程中才得到身份確定。當然,它在轉譯的同時自身也被其他行動者所轉譯。因此,不同的行動者之間通過彼此轉譯相互發生作用,被組合在一起,並按照「追隨行動者」的原則,不斷進行建構進而形成整個網路。在這一過程中,所有的邊界都被打破,沒有主要與次要、上級與下級之間的差別,每個行動者都在平等的關係下進行自由聯結。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="5fdf">行動者網路理論打破了傳統科技哲學「抽象主體」和「絕對科技」的「主客」二元論模式,同時也消解了「自然」與「社會」之間的嚴格區分,把社會和實踐範疇引入到對科學特別是科技的理解之中,強調以整體性、關係性思維去把握當代社會中的科技。因此,科技活動本質上是由各種異質化的行動者相互聯繫、彼此建構而成的網路動態體系,科技並不是一個具有獨立邏輯體系的知識系統,它已經和社會相互滲透、融為一體。要理解科技的本質,或者說要真正打開科技的「黑箱」,必須深入到與之相關的社會因素之中,詳細分析具體的科技實踐過程,比如關注實驗室的研發和設計、追隨工程師的工作和生活,以及科技人工物是如何在工廠中被製作出來的,等等。此外,行動者網路理論並不只是一種單純的理論陳述,而更多地倚重經驗解釋和案例研究。Latour始終強調:「我的工作一直是從事‘經驗哲學’的實踐研究,也就是說,借用社會學中的實地考察(field work)的方法來解答哲學所提出的問題。這就是我為什麼以轉向實驗室研究為前提來理解科學真理的原因所在;當我希望瞭解科技時,我著手描述地鐵的專案;當我希望理解法律時,我在法國最高法院進行調查研究。總之,兩者之間無法分割,我既是一名哲學家,也是一名社會學家。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn6" href="#_ftn6">[6]</a>「法國社會的巴斯德化」是Latour通過行動者網路理論進行經驗分析的經典案例。Latour曾經深入到巴斯德微生物實驗室,系統考察了該實驗室的運作過程,通過分析巴斯德微生物實驗室的演化和法國社會結構的歷史變遷之間的關係,生動形象地展現了行動者是如何建構起龐大網路的全過程的。這其中,「行動者」既包括所有的參與人 — — 巴斯德、生物工作者、醫生和農民,等等,還包括一些非人的東西,比如微生物、各種實驗用品、材料,甚至農民的母牛,等等,而巴斯德實驗室是所有這些行動者的必經之點。通過實驗室,法國社會各階層的利益緊密聯繫在一起,因此,實驗室工作特別是一些與社會息息相關的疫苗、藥物的研發,已經不僅僅是單純的科學實踐活動,還必須以滿足相關行動者的利益和要求為前提條件。甚至可以說,巴斯德的細菌研究與當時的法國社會結構之間是一種相互依存、共生的關係。「在這個場域中,社會背景和科學內容並未分離。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn7" href="#_ftn7">[7]</a></p><h3 class="graf graf--h3" name="b3c6">三、「建構主義 SCOT」研究路徑</h3><p class="graf graf--p" name="6509">「建構主義」研究路徑的代表主要是Pinch和Bijker。早年,Pinch和Bijker師從柯林斯進行科學知識社會學的研究,在這期間,他們始終無法有效解決科學知識社會學如何保證科學真理的客觀性和實在性的問題。但是,與科學不同,科技作為一種人工物理製品,以擴大生產、提高效率和方便社會為目標,因此和知識的客觀性以及真理問題基本沒有關係。基於這一理論邏輯,Pinch和Bijker開始用建構主義的方法來反思、研究科技。首先,對於社會建構這一概念,Pinch和Bijker主要接受和繼承了P. Berger和T. Luckman的思想,認為並不存在所謂實在性和客觀性,這一切只不過是社會實踐的產物。同樣道理,所謂知識或者真理,只是該領域的社會群體之間通過相互對話、討論和協商的結果。其次,認為現如今的科學知識已經完全沒有伽利略、牛頓時代的「個人英雄主義」色彩,更強調知識建構的社會性和群體性。最後,Pinch和Bijker的社會建構主義還吸收和融合了柯林斯的「相對主義經驗綱領」,因此,是一種比較溫和的建構論。1987年,Pinch、Bijker和Hughes專門主編了《科技系統的社會建構》一書,通過大量的案例研究和經驗分析,具體詮釋了社會建構理論,其基本觀點就是強調科技是由各種社會因素建構起來的。「科技及其形成與歷史的、經濟的、政治的、心理的以及社會的因素密切相關。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn8" href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> 不可否認,科技有些時候的確表現出某種自主性,按照自身的內在邏輯進化發展,但這相對於外在社會環境的影響還是非常小的。從根本意義上講,一項新的科技發明的形成,本質上是社會各種因素相互作用的結果。以Pinch和Bijker為代表的社會建構主義者認為:「我們的科技反映我們的社會。科技再生產體現著專業的、技藝的、經濟的和政治的因素的相互滲透的複雜性… 『純的』科技是沒有意義的,科技總是包含著各種因素的折中。無論技藝被何時設計或建構出來,政治、經濟、資源強度的理論、關於美與醜的觀念、專業傾向、嗜好和技能、設計工具、可用的原材料、關於自然環境的活動的理論 — — 所有這些都被融入其中。<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn9" href="#_ftn9">[9]</a> 概括來講,科技的社會建構強調科技是由社會因素塑造的,主張科技應對社會學開放,即運用社會學方法去考察社會的、體制的、經濟的和文化的力量對科技形成的作用。Pinch和Bijker主張「社會建構科技」的原理有:</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="064e">(1)科技設計的「待確定」原則。「待確定」(under-determination)是社會建構論方法的核心概念,它主要表徵的是科技發明的社會化本質。各種科技史料的研究表明,新科技的發明和出現從根本意義上講並不是基於傳統科技追求效率的原因,或者提高落後科技的效率只是一個誘因,主要起決定作用的反而是與之相關的各種社會因素和力量。科技的這種社會相關性,導致不可能通過一種純粹理性或者科學研發的方式來解決科技發明和業已存在的科技問題,而群體的選擇、利益的衝突等社會不確定因素反而會推動新的科技設計的產生,這就是所謂的科技設計的「待確定」原則,對可選擇事物的最終決定歸根結底取決於它們與影響設計過程的不同的社會集團的利益和信仰之間的「適應性」(fit)。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="69fd">(2)人工物解釋的靈活性原則。「解釋的靈活性」(interpretative-flexibility)這一概念直接借用於科學知識社會學,其本意是說明科學事實具有廣泛的開放性。科技的社會建構論認為,由於對科技問題的解決方案和路徑各不相同,不同的社會群體對科技人工物內容就會相應產生不同的解釋。這就意味著,一定的人造物總是相對於特定的社會群體而存在,不存在穩定的、預設的科技發展目的。這也說明在一定的社會條件下,只有當人工物的意義是由社會決定的或抵制的,而且存在起作用的替換物時,分析科技才具有意義。Pinch和Bijker認為,解釋的靈活性不僅包括人們如何構想和解釋人工制造物,而且也包括對它如何進行設計。解釋的靈活性導致了不同的社會群體對同一種科技有不同的解釋,從而解釋了科技專家們不同的設計思路。因此,科技並不是科學理性發展的實踐產物,由於社會因素的存在和作用,科技人工物可能以很多種方式設計和製造出來,科技本身並沒有賦予人工製品客觀屬性,恰恰是環境造成了人工製品的特徵,不同的社會群體賦予科技不同的意義,科技的特徵在很大程度上也就取決於相關社會群體的解釋框架。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="4209">(3)協商原則。科學知識社會學主張科學知識是協商產生的,同樣,科技的社會建構論也認為,科技和科技實踐是在協商中被建構起來的。在他們看來,不能僅僅從科技人工製品的內在性質來解釋科技如何設計和研發的全過程,科技之外的社會因素比如利益的驅動在科技的設計可能中具有決定性作用。此外,新科技的形成不只是科技專家和工程師勞動的結果,也彙聚了相關社會參與者的各種智慧。Pinch和Bijker通過自行車的案例對協商原則進行了具體的分析:在19世紀70年代時自行車的輪子很大,它有利於提高速度,但由於騎車人的重心會很高,所以極不安全,尤其對於婦女和中年男子來說,高輪車的危險性很大,不能作為大眾普遍使用的交通工具。這就意味著,自行車作為一種科技人工制造物,它涉及具有不同訴求的相關社會群體,這些群體根據自身的需要對自行車的設計製造者提供不同的問題回饋,針對這些問題,相應地形成不同的科技解決方案,從而使自行車呈現為能夠適應各種社會需求和選擇的多種形態的人工科技製品。因此,科技並不是歷史決定的單向性的產物,而是多方向性的、在塑造科技的群體之間不斷地協商和再協商的建構過程。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="4649">(4)結束和穩定化機制(closure and stabilization)。在社會建構論看來,通過結束機制,按照協商原則,各方達成共識,解決科技發展進程中出現的各種矛盾和爭端,從而進入到一個相對穩定的階段。Bijker著重指出兩種機制:「修辭學爭論終止」和通過「重新定義問題達到爭論終止」。為了平息科技爭論,不能僅從科技本身的問題入手,關鍵在於社會群體是否認為問題已經解決,是否接受新的科技方案。例如,對自行車使用充氣胎,宣導者認為,充氣胎能解決純粹鋼制車輪所產生的振動和顛簸問題,但是一般民眾從審美角度無法理解充氣胎,郵遞員也諷刺它像圓形的香腸,但通過一場自行車賽證明,充氣胎的意義不僅在於防震,而且可以使騎自行車變得更加平穩、舒適和快速,這就意味著,通過對科技的重新界定,使得以前圍繞科技而引發的爭端得以結束,並形成一種相對穩定化的科技模式。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="f142">(5)對稱性原則。對稱原則本來是愛丁堡學派的「強綱領」中四個基本原則之一,是對公正性原則的深化和補充,意指科學家必須不偏不倚、保持中立,在對待真理和謬誤、理性與非理性、成功與失敗這些問題上,應該堅持同樣的標準和原則,參照類似的社會因素,既要能解釋真理、科學、理性,又能合理解釋謬誤、非科學和反常現象。同科學知識社會學一樣,社會建構論把這一原則拓展到對科技的分析,對科技也要保持公平性,必須以同樣原則對待具有不同風格、特質的科技,以類似的標準向不同社會群體進行說明、解釋和協商,對合理和不合理的科技發明、成功和不成功的機器都應該進行一種對稱性的分析。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="2673">四、簡要評價</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="724b">科技的社會塑形論主要從上述三個方面系統研究了社會因素如何建構科技的問題。作為一種新的科技哲學發展樣式,它具有承前啟後的重要意義。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="3e16">(一)、科技的社會塑形論立足於社會建構主義的視角,批判了以科技自主論為代表的傳統科技哲學不關注科技本身、始終無法真正打開科技「黑箱」的問題。科技自主論興起於20世紀50年代,興盛於70年代,主要奠基人物是法國的Jacques Ellul和美國的Langdon Winner。Ellul先後出版了《科技社會》和《科技系統》等著作,奠定了科技自主論的基本思想,概括來講主要包括:(1)儘管科技是一種人工物理製品,但在當代社會,它已經成為一種獨立的封閉的系統;(2)科技是自主的,它具有內在的發展邏輯,科技並不是按照人們所追求的目標發展,而是根據業已存在的增長可能性發展;(3)Ellul認為,「科技已成為人類必須生存其間的新的特定環境,它已代替了舊的環境,即自然環境」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn10" href="#_ftn10">[10]</a>。因此,當今社會已經完全取決於科技,「既然科技已成為新的環境,所有的社會現象就都置身其中」,甚至在Ellul看來,「當今人類的觀念、判斷、信仰和神話都已經從根本上被其科技環境改造了」。<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn11" href="#_ftn11">[11]</a> Langdon Winner繼承並吸收了Ellul的科技自主論思想,強調「反適應」是當今科技的一個新特徵,但他弱化了Ellul關於科技決定社會的絕對自主論思想。在《自主的科技:失控的科技作為一個政治思想的主題》一書中,Winner指出:「我們叫做科技的東西也是建立世界的方式,許多日常生活中重要的科技裝置和系統,包含著多種規範人類活動方式的可能性。社會有意識或者無意識地、蓄意或者非蓄意地因為那些科技而選擇了一種結構,它們在很長一段時間內影響人們如何上班、通訊、旅行、消費,等等。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn12" href="#_ftn12">[12]</a> 應該說,科技自主論的確揭示了當今科技的某些特徵,產生了廣泛的理論影響,甚至可以說是那個時期科技哲學的代言人,但是,隨著科技的社會塑形論的不斷發展壯大,科技自主論遭受到猛烈的批評。在科技的社會塑形論看來,科技自主論的科技概念太過籠統,所謂的當今科技是人類的基本生存環境,是一個自我決定和發展的封閉系統的論斷,忽視了一個更基本的理論前提 — — 科技是如何形成的。「社會學家傾向於關注科技的‘影響’,科技轉變對社會的‘衝擊’。這是一種很有實效的關注,但卻留下一個先在的、可能更重要的問題,而這個問題沒有被追問因而也沒有得到解答。究竟是什麼形成正在發生‘影響’的科技,一直以來是什麼導致了我們正在經歷其‘衝擊’的科技的轉變?」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn13" href="#_ftn13">[13]</a> 要真正瞭解科技,就必須深入現實生活中具體的科技本身,分析是哪些因素導致了科技的產生,以及該項科技的發展進化過程。通過人類科技發展史上的大量案例,科技的社會塑形論認為,「科技及其形成與歷史的、經濟的、政治的、心理的以及社會的因素密切相關」(14)<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn14" href="#_ftn14">[14]</a>。在科技與社會的關係問題上,科技的社會塑形論認為,科技不可能是一個具有內在進化邏輯的循環系統,因此,所謂的「科技自主」既沒有現實依據,理論上也很難自圓其說。「科技進化並不是依賴於自身內部必要的科技或者科學的邏輯。科技並不擁有某種固有的動能。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn15" href="#_ftn15">[15]</a> 與科技自主論截然相反,科技的社會塑形論立足於「社會之於科技」的視角,強調社會對於科技的形成、發展具有決定性作用,科技本質上是由社會因素建構起來的,科技發展史表明,往往是科技之外的東西(比如社會需求、社會選擇以及資金政策等原因)推動了某項科技的不斷發展。「SST(科技的社會塑形)的核心是‘選擇’這一概念,儘管不一定是有意識的選擇,但選擇卻在具體的人工制造物和系統的設計中,以及在革新方案的方向或者軌跡中卻是固有的……可供選擇的路線不同,潛在地會導致不同的科技結果。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn16" href="#_ftn16">[16]</a></p><p class="graf graf--p" name="6c83">(二)、借助於社會學的研究綱領,在實現自身理論重建的同時,也為後來轟轟烈烈的「經驗轉向」提供了重要的思想資源。科技的社會塑形論承襲了科學知識社會學的研究典範,把建構主義的思想和方法移植到對科技的哲學研究之中,很多概念甚至直接從科學知識社會學中借用而來。為了打開科技的黑箱,把科技的真正面目呈現出來,科技的社會塑形論強調社會學的實地考察和田野調查方法的重要性。在傳統科技哲學那裡,科技只是一個總體性的抽象概念,以作為主體的人的對象而存在,與具體的社會、經濟和文化沒有關聯,不同社會、文化背景下產生的科技本質上並無差別,因此,傳統哲學根本不關注現實社會中活生生的具體科技現象,更不會走進實驗室,深入科學家群體中去瞭解某項科技的本來面貌和真實情況。與此相反,科技的社會塑形論認為,「像我們的經濟或政治系統一樣,科技是我們社會生活方式的一方面。科技變成這樣一種東西,它的轉變是我們生活方式中更寬泛的轉變的一部分。」<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftn17" href="#_ftn17">[17]</a> 因此,要理解科技,不能坐在書齋中抽象地思辨科技,而應該直面社會,進行實地調查和田野考察。Latour曾經以一個社會學家的身份在美國和法國的實驗室前後待了四年多時間,在這期間,他不僅近距離觀察實驗室的具體運作,還深入到科學家、工程師的工作生活之中,同他們交談,具體瞭解某項科技是如何在實驗室中誕生的,正是基於長時期的實地調查,Latour逐步形成了社會建構主義思想,撰寫出代表著作《實驗室生活:科學事實的社會建構》。另一方面,關於當代科技所具有的新特徵,湯瑪斯·Hughes的「科技系統」理論給予了很好的詮釋:科技已經成為一個包括了人工製品、科學家、工程師以及各種社會組織機構、規章制度等在內的巨大系統,單向度的或者類似於實驗室研究的「純粹科技」已經不復存在了。在當今社會,任何一項新的科技,不僅其內部關聯到眾多相關領域的具體子科技系統,而且從其外部來看,也涉及社會的政治、文化和經濟等各個方面。<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">簡言之,當代科技區別于傳統科技的根本特徵在於其工程屬性,這種工程屬性工作表現為整合化、規模化和社會化。Latour和湯瑪斯·Hughes的這些思想不僅啟發了之後在科技哲學領域發生的「經驗轉向」,而且為其提供了直接的理論資源。</strong>我們知道,「經驗轉向」作為科技哲學的一種研究綱領,是由荷蘭的P. Kroes和A. Meijers於1998年首先提出的,在此綱領之下,形成的「荷蘭學派」獨領風騷,時至今日,已經成為科技哲學的主向度和發展潮流。按照「荷蘭學派」成員P. Brey的說法,所謂經驗轉向,主要體現為兩個維度:社會維度和工程維度,前者主要關注某項科技同具體的社會實踐之間的關係,比如,21世紀初期先後出版的《科技哲學研究中的新方向》、《科技哲學中的經驗轉向》大部分收錄的就是這方面的論文,這一領域的領軍人物是荷蘭特溫特大學的維貝克;後者的代表人物主要有克洛斯、梅耶斯和Carl Mitcham,發表的論文大多集結在《科技哲學新方向》和近期出版的《科技與工程科學哲學》(《科學哲學手冊》第9卷)中,核心思想都是強調當代科技本質是一種工程,因而,科技哲學不僅應該系統描述工程活動的詳細過程,更應該反思科技作為工程所體現的哲學意義。從上面的分析不難看出,社會維度的經驗轉向無疑受到了Latour理論思想的啟發和影響,工程維度的經驗轉向也直接受惠於Thomas Hughes。總之,可以肯定地說,科技的社會塑形論與之後的「經驗轉向」具有理論上和邏輯上的親緣關係,甚至在一定意義上把「經驗轉向」理解為社會塑形論的進一步拓展和深入也不為過。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="3fda">當然,科技的社會塑形論還存在諸多理論弱點。其一,社會建構主義的方法如何保證科技知識的客觀性和科技形態的相對穩定性問題。其二,社會塑形論主張對科技的研究應該向社會學開放,引入社會學的研究綱領和方法,但如此一來,如何在社會學經驗描述的基礎上確保哲學的規範性和思辨性。其三,社會塑形論把科技的形成理解為科學家、工程師以及相關參與者(比如政治家、投資者和消費者)之間協商、妥協的結果,如此一來,科技的進化過程類似于民主決策的政治行為,這完全忽視了科技作為知識體系的科學性和專業性。其四,正如Winner在《打開黑箱發現空無一物:社會建構論與科技哲學》一文中回應社會塑形論的批評一樣,科技的社會塑形論太過強調科技體系之外的社會因素的影響,以至於科技和社會層面的經濟、文化和政治在本質意義上沒什麼差別,結果為了打開科技的黑箱,卻摒棄了科技本來的東西。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="1791"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref1" href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> T.J. Pinch and W.E. Bijker, “The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts”, in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, edited by W.E. Bijker, T.P.Hughes, and T.J.Pinch. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1987, p.17.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="efb1"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref2" href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Thomas P. Hughes, “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems”, in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, p.51.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="9b37"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref3" href="#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Thomas P. Hughes, “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems”,p.64.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="dcb4"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref4" href="#_ftnref4">[4]</a> Thomas P. Hughes, “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems”,p.68.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="a248"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref5" href="#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Donald Mackenzie,”The Social Shaping of Technology”,in the Social Shaping of Technology,edited by Donald Mackenzie,Judy Wajcman,Philadelphia:Open University Press,1985,p.21.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="a2e9"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref6" href="#_ftnref6">[6]</a> 成素梅:《Latour的科學哲學觀 — — 在巴黎對Latour的專訪》,載《哲學動態》2006年第9期。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="00da"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref7" href="#_ftnref7">[7]</a> Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988, p. 252.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="7264"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref8" href="#_ftnref8">[8]</a> Donald Mackenzie, “The Social Shaping of Technology”,p.5.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="0a82"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref9" href="#_ftnref9">[9]</a> W.E.Bijker, Law, John, Shaping Technology/Building Society, Studies in Social Technical Change, Cambridge: The MIT Press,1 992, p.121.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="e550"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref10" href="#_ftnref10">[10]</a> Ellul:《技術秩序》,載吳國盛編:《技術哲學經典讀本》,上海:上海交通大學出版社2008年版,第120頁。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="93ae"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref11" href="#_ftnref11">[11]</a> Ellul:《技術秩序》,載吳國盛編:《技術哲學經典讀本》,上海:上海交通大學出版社2008年版,第120頁。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="a6a3"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref12" href="#_ftnref12">[12]</a> Winner:《人造物有政治嗎》,載吳國盛編《技術哲學經典讀本》,第191頁。</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="4ef3"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref13" href="#_ftnref13">[13]</a> Donald Mackenzie, “The Social Shaping of Technology”, p.2.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="95ea"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref14" href="#_ftnref14">[14]</a> Donald Mackenzie, “The Social Shaping of Technology”, p.5.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="af48"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref15" href="#_ftnref15">[15]</a> Donald Mackenzie, “The Social Shaping of Technology”, p.3.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="0cb5"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref16" href="#_ftnref16">[16]</a> Robin Williams, David Edge, “The Social Shaping of Technology”, Research Policy, Vol.25, №1, 1996, p.856.</p><p class="graf graf--p" name="bd55"><a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="#_ftnref17" href="#_ftnref17">[17]</a> Donald Mackenzie,”The Social Shaping of Technology”,p.3.</p>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-91633103485161694182022-07-10T07:38:00.007-07:002022-07-10T08:14:06.507-07:00Technological paradigms and complex technical systems—The case of Smart Homes<h1 style="text-align: left;">Technological paradigms and complex technical systems—The case of Smart Homes</h1><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#!">AlexanderPeine</a><br /><div class="ArticleIdentifierLinks" id="article-identifier-links" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Persistent link using digital object identifier" class="doi" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.11.009" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.11.009</a><a class="rights-and-content" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0048733307002442&orderBeanReset=true" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; float: right; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Get rights and content</a></div><section class="ReferencedArticles" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></section><section class="ReferencedArticles" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></section><div class="PageDivider" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="Abstracts u-font-serif" id="abstracts" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="abstract author" id="aep-abstract-id5" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">Abstract</h2><div id="aep-abstract-sec-id6" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">This paper explores the concept of technological paradigms in the context of complex technical systems. It presents a review of Thomas Kuhn's notion of scientific paradigms and their early adoption as technological paradigms. </span><span style="color: red;">This review reveals that an important feature of scientific paradigms has not been fully utilized in the analysis of technological change—the distinction between a paradigm as an exemplar and as a shared group commitment. </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">Using the case of Smart Homes, I advocate that this distinction is critical in understanding the dynamics of open technical systems where multiple industries jointly shape innovation. I discuss the implications with regard to both the concept of technological paradigms and innovation of complex technical systems.</span></p></div></div></div><ul class="issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1" id="issue-navigation" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 16px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #505050; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 24px;">Keywords</span></ul><div class="Keywords u-font-serif" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px 0px 32px;"><div class="keywords-section" id="aep-keywords-id7" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Technological paradigms</div><div class="keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Smart Homes</div><div class="keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Complex technical systems</div><div class="keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Epistemic styles</div></div></div><div class="Body u-font-serif" id="body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><section id="aep-section-id8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">1. Introduction</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Technological paradigms are a classical concept in the literature on innovation and technological change (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib23" name="bbib23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi, 1982</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib37" name="bbib37" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Granberg and Stankiewicz, 1981</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib43" name="bbib43" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Johnston, 1972</a>). Based on Thomas Kuhn's notion of scientific paradigms, technological paradigms describe the punctuated nature of technological change and the path dependency of innovation processes in times of incremental progress. In recent years, however, complex technical systems, where a clear distinction can be made between component and architectural knowledge (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib40" name="bbib40" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Henderson and Clark, 1990</a>), have attracted more and more attention. For such technical systems, Kuhnian ideas of scientific progress become problematic in describing technological progress <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">en bloc</em>. Against this background, the use of the concept in the innovation literature has become increasingly divergent—while some still apply it to explain the structure of radical technological shifts (e.g. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib21" name="bbib21" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dew, 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib30" name="bbib30" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Frietsch and Grupp, 2006</a>), others deny the value of Kuhnian ideas to explain regularities of innovation processes (e.g. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib60" name="bbib60" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Parayil, 2003</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib68" name="bbib68" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Russell and Williams, 2002</a>). This paper revisits the idea of technological paradigms, discusses it against the background of Kuhn's work on scientific paradigms, and explores its applicability to the dynamics of complex technical systems.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I maintain that the idea of technological paradigms provides a sharp analytical tool to understand technological change under particular conditions. While technological paradigms cannot explain innovation processes as a whole, they can elucidate certain aspects of technological change. In particular, Kuhn's notion of normal progress provides important cues into how technological change is shaped by design decisions within communities of specialists. These cues, however, have never been fully utilized in innovation research, where the emphasis was either on the Kuhnian idea of revolutions or on technology as knowledge systems. What has remained widely unexplored is the parallel between Kuhnian exemplars in scientific paradigms and dominant designs in technological paradigms. I propose here a definition of a technological paradigm that focuses on the nature of normal technological progress. The definition is built around the interplay of a dominant design and a related style of carrying out technological research.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I further maintain that this definition is particularly useful for the analysis of complex technical systems—technologies that are defined by a set of components and an architecture that specifies how to arrange theses components into a system (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib40" name="bbib40" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Henderson and Clark, 1990</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib57" name="bbib57" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Murmann and Frenken, 2006</a>). With regard to such systems, I shall demonstrate that there is an important distinction between open and closed or integrated systems. Integrated technical systems are systems for which both the components and the architecture that define the system are known independently of the context in which the system operates. In contrast, open technical systems display a greater degree of looseness, and become systems only in the light of local contingencies. While for open technical systems a range of components is defined, the selection of the exact set of components to be included as well as the plan how to arrange these components is dependent on the context in which a particular system operates. For open technical systems, the knowledge bases for the component knowledge are stable, while the architectural knowledge has to be specified for each system separately (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib63" name="bbib63" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Peine, 2006b</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this paper, I link the notions of complex technical systems and technological paradigms by showing that technical systems may involve distinct paradigms that jointly shape the innovation process, and that this particular kind of distributedness poses peculiar challenges for the coordination of innovation. While integrated systems of technology are characterized by a design hierarchy that realizes a tight coordination of different paradigms (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib17" name="bbib17" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Christensen and Rosenbloom, 1995</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib18" name="bbib18" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Clark, 1985</a>), open systems of technology cannot be described in terms of a design hierarchy. For open systems of technology, distinct technological paradigms hamper the stabilization of innovation into cumulative forms of change. I demonstrate that for open systems of technology a loose coordination of different paradigms that leaves these paradigms intact but enables interaction between them is a precondition for cumulative learning.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The propositions are illustrated and explored through a case study on Smart Homes. Smart Homes are built entities (houses, apartments, etc.) in which different products and services operate together to constitute a product ecology. Smart Home systems are a particularly interesting subject for study because their development involves a number of well-evolved industries. The Smart Home innovation process spans these industries. A distinct challenge thus exists due to the multi-industry setting in which Smart Home systems are developed—industry structures are not only organized along the supply chain but different industry structures co-exist at the level of Smart Home components. I show that technological paradigms are a particularly useful concept to understand how this level of component industries is related to the emerging Smart Home field.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The paper is organized as follows: Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec1" name="bsec1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2</a> reviews the concept “technological paradigm”. It starts with a brief introduction to the ideas of Thomas Kuhn. Subsequently, the early adoptions of Kuhn's paradigm concept to the analysis of technological change are discussed. It is shown that a crucial aspect of the Kuhnian idea, i.e. the nature of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">normal</em> progress, has never been fully exploited in the innovation literature. Then I introduce a definition of technological paradigms that elaborates on the notion of normal technological progress. The scope and limits of this definition's applicability are explored. Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec5" name="bsec5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3</a> presents the empirical case. First, the multi-industry setting of the innovation process is fleshed out. Secondly, two dominant strategies to cope with this setting are identified. Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec8" name="bsec8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4</a> applies the definition of technological paradigms to the case and analyses the dominant modes of dealing with the multi-industry setting through Kuhnian lenses. Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec11" name="bsec11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">5</a> summarizes the results, identifies policy implications, and sketches out directions for further research.</p></section><section id="sec1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2. Thomas Kuhn and his legacy in innovation research</h2><section id="sec2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.1. Scientific paradigms</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Thomas Kuhn's seminal work <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</em> was originally published in 1962. In this work, Kuhn outlines an understanding of science that starkly differs from the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle and from the Critical Rationalism of Karl Popper. F<b>or Kuhn, science is not merely a matter of cumulativeness but rather proceeds in phases of cumulative progress (normal science) and radical shifts (scientific revolutions). </b>The very nature of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">normal science</em> – and thereby the very nature of most scientific activities – is articulation, not replication or falsification: scientists attempt to further articulate the propositions accepted in their field of study to achieve a larger number of solved problems and a greater accuracy of prediction. Normal science is a process of puzzle-solving (“mopping-up”) and elaborates expected solutions to accepted problems in a particular field of study. The accepted problems and the expected solutions to these problems are – by and large – fixed in what Kuhn calls a <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">paradigm</em> that is shared within a scientific community. Normal science as conceptualized by Kuhn does not produce much novelty. Only in rare instances can facts discovered not be brought into accordance with a predominant paradigm. Occasionally, such instances may lead to a paradigm shift, for which Kuhn has coined the term <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">scientific revolution</em>. After a revolution has occurred, a different paradigm is accepted within the community; the <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">gestalt</em> by which scientists of this community perceive their field of study has changed.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><b>Kuhn's book caused some confusion about the very definition of a scientific paradigm. </b>In particular, his plurivalent use of the term paradigm itself was criticized (see, for instance, the contributions in <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib47" name="bbib47" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Lakatos and Musgrave, 1970</a>). In the postscript to the <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Scientific Revolution</em>'s second edition, Kuhn clarified his understanding of a paradigm and concentrated on two distinct ways of using the term: first, a paradigm marks a constellation of group commitments (rules and theories, norms and values), a “supertheory” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib38" name="bbib38" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gutting, 1984</a>) that guides problem solving activities within scientific communities. This description centered on paradigms as cognitive systems and thus reproduced the Mertonian definition of a paradigm (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib53" name="bbib53" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Merton, 1968</a>). However, for Kuhn there was also a second meaning of the term “paradigm”: a paradigm is an exemplary and concrete solution accepted within a community of specialists that sketches out a pattern for problem solving.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: red;">Kuhn identified this second definition of a paradigm as the real innovation of his work (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 187). </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">The cognitive system of a paradigm – and this is what distinguished Kuhn from his predecessors – crystallizes as the </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">gestalt</em><span style="color: #2e2e2e;"> prescribed by </span><span style="color: red;">a paradigm is fixed in an exemplary solution. </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">First of all, paradigms are exemplars; these exemplars, in turn, embody tacit norms and rules that give rise to a cognitive system. Therefore, concrete objects – artifacts, so to speak – outline the principles that guide normal technological progress. This interplay of concrete problem solutions and group commitments is at the center of a scientific paradigm. However, with respect to Kuhn's legacy in innovation research, this is also the least understood aspect of paradigms, as I shall demonstrate in Sections </span><a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec3" name="bsec3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.2 Technological paradigms</a><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">, </span><a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec4" name="bsec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.3 Technological paradigms revisited</a><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><b>A third aspect has not yet been discussed. It concerns the nature of the community that shares a paradigm.</b> Kuhn never worked out this important sociological implication of his work but rather confined himself to the following, generic heuristic remarks about the nature of scientific communities (see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, pp. 176–181). First, communities are identifiable prior to the analysis of the paradigm they share. This underlines Kuhn's belief that communities can rather easily be identified with the methods of social science research. Secondly, scientific communities are groups of specialists in a certain field of scientific study that share identical professional initiation; members of a scientific community refer to the same body of standard literature that delineates a particular subject matter. Thirdly, members of scientific communities generate and verify scientific knowledge. They are knowledge creating communities that base knowledge creation on a particular paradigm. Kuhn presented these remarks to sketch out an agenda that would identify scientific communities. He did not, however, actually develop such an agenda (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 178). Therefore, the structure of scientific communities has remained a poorly developed aspect within the context of the Kuhnian idea of scientific progress. In Sections <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec3" name="bsec3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.2 Technological paradigms</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec4" name="bsec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.3 Technological paradigms revisited</a>, I shall demonstrate that community structure is also an underdeveloped aspect in various analogies to Kuhn in the innovation literature.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Summing up, three aspects of the Kuhnian understanding of science are important for this paper. First, paradigms are shared examples. This was the real novelty introduced by Kuhn. Only once exemplars are accepted within a certain community, the implicit (and never unequivocal) propositions that guide puzzle-solving behavior can crystallize. This is what Kuhn has refered to as the <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">priority of paradigms</em>: “Paradigms may be prior to, more binding, and more complete than any set of rules for research that could be unequivocally abstracted from them” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 46). Secondly, a paradigm sets out an array of expected solutions to accepted problems; normal science, i.e. paradigm-bound knowledge creation, is primarily a process of articulating further what is already known: “Mopping-up operations are what engage most scientists throughout their careers. […] normal-scientific research is directed to the articulation of those phenomena and theories that the paradigm already supplies” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 24). Thirdly, communities of specialists are the locus of normal-scientific progress. These communities can be identified prior to examining a particular paradigm; they are knowledge creating communities that share a specific subject matter.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Scientific revolutions are not included in this account of Kuhn's work. Clearly, scientific revolutions are a most striking aspect of Kuhn's work and this idea has led to much of its popularity (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib31" name="bbib31" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fuller, 2003</a>). However, scientific revolutions also rank among the most problematic aspects of his work as they impose a rigid scheme on the history of science and scientific disciplines <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">as a whole</em>. This paper focuses on the idea of normal science as one of many forces within the larger proceedings of scientific endeavor. It is thus a selective revisiting of Kuhn's ideas that emphasizes the notion of normal science as a valuable yet underutilized source for the analysis of innovation. In the following two sections, I discuss Kuhn's legacy in the innovation literature. Against this background, I flesh out a conceptualization of normal technological progress that is more closely based on Kuhn's original work.</p></section><section id="sec3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.2. Technological paradigms</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The legacy of Kuhn's work in the literature on technological change and innovation is marked by three seminal publications that explicitly built upon Kuhnian ideas of change to introduce definitions of a “technological paradigm”.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn1" name="bfn1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></a> For <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib43" name="bbib43" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Johnston (1972)</a>, the punctuated nature of technological change was empirically striking. This, he concluded, could not be explained by looking into external factors impinging on technological change but rather has to be accounted for by an <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">internal structure of technology</em>. He saw this internal structure as a knowledge system – comparable but far from identical to that of science – that could be analyzed in Kuhnian terms. Accordingly, Johnston defined a “technological paradigm” as “a set of guiding principles generally accepted by practitioners in a particular field of technology” (p. 122). These guiding principles serve as directing factors within the community of technologists that is “involved in developing new technology” (p. 123). Exemplary artifacts, typically the first to function, prove the success of a paradigm. Based on this definition of a technological paradigm, Johnston primarily focused on the discussion of paradigm shifts. This focus, however, imported the problems associated with the Kuhnian idea of scientific revolutions into the analysis of technological change. By centering his discussion on these problems, Johnston placed less emphasis on elaborating the functioning of technological paradigms once they are established.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib37" name="bbib37" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Granberg and Stankiewicz (1981)</a> introduced the notion of “technological paradigms” as a part of a comprehensive model that focused on the cognitive systems of science-based technological fields. For Granberg and Stankiewicz, a technology can be understood in terms of the function it performs, the natural processes it exploits, and the design linking these aspects into a functional whole. The core activity of technological research, then, is functional analysis. Consequently, understanding technological change depends on the understanding of functional analysis as performed in different types of technological research. Within this framework, they defined a “technological paradigm” as a “set of beliefs and opinions, held in common by a sizeable collectivity of practitioners, as to how ‘their’ technology ought best be developed” (p. 215). In other words, a paradigm shapes the answers to questions raised by various types of functional analysis. Compared with Johnston's work, Granberg and Stankiewicz fleshed out in more detail the kinds of activities conducted by communities of technologists: technological research and functional analysis (p. 216). Paradigm-bound progress arises as these activities are applied to a particular technology.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Also for <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib23" name="bbib23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi (1982)</a>, it was a striking empirical fact that technological change proceeded through phases of incremental change punctuated by phases of radical shifts. A transfer of Kuhnian ideas to the analysis of technological change was thus most suggestive. “In broad analogy with the Kuhnian definition of a ‘scientific paradigm’, we shall define a ‘technological paradigm’ as ‘model’ and a ‘pattern’ of solution of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">selected</em> technological problems, based on <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">selected</em> principles derived from natural sciences and on <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">selected</em> material technologies” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib23" name="bbib23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi, 1982</a>, p. 152). Dosi especially focused on the material technology on which a paradigm was based: a paradigm relates to “a generic task to which it is applied […], to the material technology it selects […], to the physical/chemical properties it exploits […], to the technological and economic dimensions and trade offs it focuses upon […]” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib23" name="bbib23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi, 1982</a>, p. 153). A paradigm defines an outlook of possible progress along certain parameters. This outlook is shared within a community of practitioners. For Dosi, normal technological progress is driven by a combination of two fractions of a paradigm—the material fraction of a technology (the exemplary artifact demonstrating the function of a paradigm) and the disembodied fraction of a technology containing expertise, experiences and practical knowledge about the state of the art of the technology (see also <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib24" name="bbib24" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi, 1988</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">These early adoptions of Kuhnian ideas to the analysis of technological change and innovation sketched out the agenda for a prolific body of literature that made use of the idea of technological paradigms (for an overview see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib62" name="bbib62" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Peine, 2006a</a>). However, they also introduced a particular reading of Kuhnian ideas into this body of literature that falls short in two respects. First, Kuhnian analogies have been widely used to explain the punctuated nature of technological change. This has come at the expense of elaborating on the functioning of technological paradigms and the nature of normal technological progress. By applying the whole Kuhnian framework of paradigms, crises and revolutions to the process of technological change <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">as a whole</em>, much of the descriptive power that is provided with the idea of a paradigm itself and the special kind of progress it establishes has remained unexplored. Secondly, the emphasis that Kuhn put on exemplary solutions as the core of a scientific paradigm has never been fully explored with regard to technological change. In particular, the analogy between exemplary solutions in scientific paradigms and artifacts in technological paradigms has remained underexposed.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec4" name="bsec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.3</a> below provides an examination of how technological paradigms work, a definition of normal technological progress, and a specification of the conditions under which Kuhnian ideas are viable for the analysis of technological change. The discussion builds on the original work of Kuhn and its early adoptions to the analysis of technological change that were discussed above. I explore what Kuhn teaches us about the functioning of a paradigm once it has been established; in particular, I focus on a widely neglected parallel between Kuhn's description of scientific progress and the nature of technological change—the role of an exemplar within the cognitive structure of scientific progress. I further maintain that while technological change, as a whole, does not proceed through revolutions in the Kuhnian sense, normal technological progress constitutes an important force that impinges on technological change. Indeed, Kuhn's work is still most instructive if we want to understand the “technical shaping of technology” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib80" name="bbib80" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Vincenti, 1995</a>).</p></section><section id="sec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.3. Technological paradigms revisited</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Kuhnian paradigms are above all exemplars that guide and structure the generation of knowledge within a particular field of study. With regard to a Kuhnian conceptualization of normal technological change, this has two important implications that deserve further clarification:</p><dl class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The distinction between paradigms as exemplars and paradigms as shared group commitments has to be taken seriously—as well as the priority Kuhn granted to paradigms as exemplars. Indeed, the “directing factors” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib43" name="bbib43" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Johnston, 1972</a>) of a technological paradigm are embodied in a material object.</p></dd><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Paradigms are shared within communities. Members of these communities are specialists that generate and validate knowledge. Technological paradigms, therefore, are shared within communities of specialists that develop “‘their’ technology” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib37" name="bbib37" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Granberg and Stankiewicz, 1981</a>).<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn2" name="bfn2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></a></p></dd></dl><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The Kuhnian notion of scientific paradigms thus suggests taking material objects as a starting point for the definition of a technological paradigm. It also suggests spelling out how material artifacts initiate shared group commitments that guide normal technological progress. In the following paragraphs, I provide a refined definition of a technological paradigm. At the heart of this definition are a number of propositions that are derived from the above reading of Kuhn's original work and its early adopters in the innovation literature (Sections <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec2" name="bsec2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.1 Scientific paradigms</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec3" name="bsec3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.2 Technological paradigms</a>). Subsequently, I discuss the applicability of these propositions within the wider proceedings of technological change.</p><section id="aep-section-id12" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.3.1. Dominant designs: technological paradigms as exemplars</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Technological paradigms are exemplars. As for scientific paradigms, one cannot unequivocally formulate explicit rules that guide normal technological progress. Rather, an exemplary solution tacitly embodies these rules. In this sense, Kuhnian exemplars parallel what, in the innovation literature, has been described as a dominant design.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn3" name="bfn3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></a> A dominant design defines a product class in terms of design rules that fix form and function of an artifact belonging to that class as well as the process by which it is produced (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib5" name="bbib5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Baldwin and Clark, 2000</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib14" name="bbib14" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Brusoni and Prencipe, 2006</a>). Design rules, however, never completely explicate form and function of an artifact. Rather, they fix its core features leaving interpretational space at the margins (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib57" name="bbib57" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Murmann and Frenken, 2006</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I shall propose here that a technological paradigm is, first of all, a <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">dominant design</em>. I shall – in strict accordance with Kuhn – further propose that this definition takes priority over the other aspects I elaborate on below. The paralleling of Kuhnian exemplars and dominant designs offers a considerable advantage in conveying the idea of scientific paradigms to the analysis of technological change: dominant designs are more tangible than scientific exemplars. Therefore, one can identify them empirically without running into the pitfalls usually associated with identifying scientific paradigms (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib31" name="bbib31" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fuller, 2003</a>).</p></section><section id="aep-section-id13" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.3.2. Epistemic styles: technological paradigms as shared group commitments</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Technological paradigms are shared group commitments. As for scientific paradigms (see especially <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib51" name="bbib51" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Masterman, 1970</a>, p. 67), early versions of the artifact that demonstrate the working of a paradigm have initiated these group commitments. Shared group commitments give rise to a particular <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">gestalt</em> through which members of a technological paradigm perceive its further development. Shared group commitments, therefore, constitute a particular cognitive system that directs the further development of an artifact. The first functioning and economically successful version of this artifact has crystallized the cognitive system.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I shall thus propose that a technological paradigm is, secondly, an <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">epistemic style</em><a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn4" name="bfn4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></a> – i.e. a particular style of doing technological research, a mindset with regard to the production of new knowledge, so to speak – that originates together with the fixing of a dominant design. I shall further propose that such an epistemic style is specific to<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn5" name="bfn5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></a> and, to a considerable degree, homogeneous among the members of a paradigm. A technological paradigm, therefore, gives way to the homogenization of technological research within a community of specialists, and to the diversification of technological research between communities of specialists.</p></section><section id="aep-section-id14" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.3.3. Industrial sectors and technological paradigms</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Above, I have demonstrated that the delineation of people sharing a paradigm has been the least understood aspect of scientific paradigms. This is also true for technological paradigms (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib77" name="bbib77" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Tuomi, 2002</a>, pp. 122–137). What are the boundaries of a paradigm? Who exactly shares a paradigm? While the early adaptors of Kuhnian ideas to the analysis of technological change have not really been able to answer these questions, they have, nevertheless, provided a number of cues for further reasoning. Johnston has established that, although paradigms are not industrial sectors, they can be located within them. More specifically, he has argued that paradigms are shared within communities of technologists that participate in developing new technology. Granberg and Stankiewicz presented a similar view and included in a paradigm community all those practitioners of technical research that hold beliefs “as to how ‘their’ technology ought best to be developed” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib37" name="bbib37" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Granberg and Stankiewicz, 1981</a>, p. 215). Both cues imply that the members of a paradigm community share the reference to a particular technology and are involved in its development.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In summarizing these cues, I shall propose that a technological paradigm originates within an <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">industrial sector</em> and is delineated by the boundaries of the same industrial sector. I shall further propose that paradigm communities are knowledge creating communities of specialists within industrial sectors. The relationship between industrial sectors and paradigms is unidirectional—within industrial sectors multiple technological paradigms can exist, while a technological paradigm is located within one particular sector.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn6" name="bfn6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></a></p></section><section id="aep-section-id15" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">2.3.4. Normal technological progress: discriminatory power and applicability</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In summary, I propose to define a technological paradigm as a dominant design that initiates an epistemic style specific to that paradigm. Technological paradigms are confined to, but not identical with, industrial sectors. This definition goes beyond dominant design theory because it explains the effect of a dominant design on technological change through the epistemic style it initiates. In a Kuhnian perspective, the closure on a dominant design is accompanied by a closure on an epistemic style that directs the further development of that design.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The definition also goes beyond prior literature on technological paradigms. Indeed, it focuses on the functioning of a paradigm once it is established rather than on technological discontinuities. Technological paradigms constitute an analytical tool to describe the influence of dominant designs on knowledge creation, and especially on the homogenization of knowledge creation. Normal technological progress depicts a form of technological progress that thrives on principles that have been fixed together with early versions of a dominant design. In other words, normal technological progress is not the automatic execution of a predetermined program – a frequent criticism raised against Dosi's description of technological trajectories (e.g. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib65" name="bbib65" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Pinch and Bijker, 1984</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib68" name="bbib68" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Russell and Williams, 2002</a>) – but rather a structuring of search activities into predetermined directions. As such, normal technological progress is one influence among a larger set of influences that shape technological change. Under certain circumstances, however, normal technological progress can exert a particularly strong influence.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The relationship between technological paradigms and industrial sectors deserves further discussion. Technological paradigms are part of an industrial sector, i.e. they are embedded in a broader pattern of market structures, knowledge bases, and appropriability regimes (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib50" name="bbib50" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Malerba, 2004</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib61" name="bbib61" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Pavitt, 1984</a>). Within this broader pattern, technological paradigms underscore the influence of specialist communities on technological change. The strength of such an influence is contingent with the degree to which an industrial sector is closed upon a dominant design, which, in turn, is a matter of empirical investigation (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib1" name="bbib1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Afuah and Utterback, 1997</a>). From this it follows that technological paradigms shape innovation processes within industrial sectors when closure on a dominant design and the corresponding consolidation of industry structures (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib35" name="bbib35" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gilsing and Nooteboom, 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib78" name="bbib78" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Utterback and Suarez, 1993</a>) is relatively advanced. Therefore, the more evolved an industrial sector is the more important normal technological progress is likely to be.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In the innovation literature, it has frequently been argued that the emergence of a technological paradigm ushers in a phase of exploiting the promises of a particular technology (see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib72" name="bbib72" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Suarez, 2004</a> for an overview). In this reading, technological paradigms <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">enable</em> stable patterns of exploitation. The definition provided in the present essay has a slightly different emphasis. Indeed, technological paradigms, once established, initiate a homogeneous structuring of search activities <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">within</em> communities of specialists. By the same token, however, they also establish diversity <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">among</em> such communities, each of which relies on a particular epistemic style. In this respect, technological paradigms may facilitate stable patterns of exploitation, but they might also hamper the emergence of such patterns. The interplay between the enabling and disabling capabilities of technological paradigms is a particularly relevant issue for innovation of complex technical systems, as I shall demonstrate in the remainder of this paper.</p></section></section></section><section id="sec5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">3. Smart Home technologies</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this section, I present the results from a case study of Smart Home systems. In general terms, the idea of a Smart Home refers to the use of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in the home to facilitate the interoperability of household products and services in a built entity. This idea has been around since the early 1980s in various readings, and it has recently received a new wave of interest from industry (see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib73" name="bbib73" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">The Economist, 2005</a> for an overview). In the following paragraphs, I explore the development of the idea in order to underscore an important shift that has occurred with regard to the organization of the corresponding innovation process. In spite of the fairly long history of the Smart Home idea itself, its diffusion in terms of market shares and routine implementations is still emerging. Prototype applications such as test and demonstration houses exist but the field has not moved very far in the direction of mainstream applications. In other words, the innovation process of Smart Homes has not yet fully stabilized.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This immaturity makes the Smart Home field a challenging object for research because, while not much can be said about the final outcome of its development, the field offers, nevertheless, a snapshot of the early formation of markets and industry constellations. Consequently, the study I present is a single case study that was selected on the basis of its explanatory power with regard to the established set of theories discussed in Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec1" name="bsec1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2</a> (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib56" name="bbib56" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Mitchell, 1983</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib84" name="bbib84" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Yin, 1993</a>). In the analysis, I do not focus on the presentation of new empirical evidence, but rather revisit the wealth of secondary sources on Smart Homes, including seminal studies (primarily in Germany and the UK), relevant technical journals in the field, and pertinent Internet sources.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn7" name="bfn7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span></a> However, part of the analysis is based on my involvement with a major research group on assistive technologies in Germany that entailed numerous in-depth talks with practitioners and researchers in the field.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The study distinguishes between two phases in the development of the Smart Home field and identifies two corresponding modes of coordination in the innovation process. These modes are conceptualized as <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ideal types</em> (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib81" name="bbib81" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Weber, 1972</a>) in the exploration of dominant strategies in the field that have been deployed to stabilize the mainstream diffusion of Smart Home technologies. This implies that the case presented here neither takes into account all the characteristics of the field nor provides a full-blown history of Smart Homes. Rather, the historical events are acuminated in such a way as to highlight certain peculiarities of the field in different times. The comparison of these peculiarities provides fresh insights into the working of technological paradigms. I discuss these insights in Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec8" name="bsec8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Throughout this paper, I use the term <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">field</em> to denote a particular area of technology and borrow from DiMaggio and Powell who have introduced an organizational field as “those organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life: key suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and other organizations that produce similar services or products” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib22" name="bbib22" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">DiMaggio and Powell, 1983</a>, p. 148). The object of my study, however, is not an area of institutional life but an area of technology. When I refer to the Smart Home field, I thus refer to the field spanned by those organizations that are recognized as contributing to the development of Smart Home technologies. According to DiMaggio and Powell, the virtue of this approach is that it includes the totality of relevant actors that must be identified by empirical investigation. This broad scope allows for a discussion of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">one</em> field, i.e. the field of Smart Home technologies, as opposed to more specific forms of aggregation such as industries, communities, projects, or single organizations. Indeed, as I shall demonstrate, it is precisely the field level and its relation to other forms of aggregation that deserves particular attention in order to understand the dynamics of Smart Home innovation.</p><section id="sec6" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">3.1. The general idea of Smart Homes and industry setting</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The idea of ‘smartness’ in the built environment can be traced back to the 1970s when the first attempts were made to centrally control the functions provided by a building (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib4" name="bbib4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Atkin, 1988</a>). For office buildings, it was recognized that controlling and monitoring lights, heating, electricity, key systems, shutters, etc. would provide a cutting edge to facility managers. To realize this cutting edge, a central control unit (normally a computer) and a bus system were installed to access the functions supplied by a built entity. The term <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">building automation</em> was coined in this context to describe that previously independent components of a building could be linked in a network. Building automation clearly distinguished between the building and its “content”: only those functions that were provided by the building itself were linked to the network. For office buildings, this allowed for the separation of building functions from the daily activities of tenants. The value of this separation can be defined clearly in terms of outsourcing or centralizing facility management services. Consequently, integrated solutions for automated office buildings were firmly established by the early 1980s (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib76" name="bbib76" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Travi, 2001</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">For the term Smart Home to be coined, however, two additional developments had to take place. First, the early 1980s were marked by attempts to transfer the idea of building automation to the home (“home automation”). The Smart Home idea originated from this attempt to exploit a proven idea on consumer markets (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib7" name="bbib7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Barlow et al., 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib55" name="bbib55" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Miles et al., 1992</a>). However, the value of home automation was less clear than that of automating office buildings. (What is facility management at home? Who would be willing to outsource facility management for a home—and pay for it?) Secondly, improvements in ICT brought about the possibility of linking various products in a house to a network. These developments blurred the distinction between the building and its content, and by the end of the 1980s the quest for home automation had been expanded to include all products (and services) in the home (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib2" name="bbib2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Aldrich, 2003</a>). The term “Smart Home” has been introduced to describe the linking of all products and services within a private home by means of a central bus system.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">All of us have basic ideas of the products and services that occupy our homes; few of us, however, will have experienced what it is like to actually live in a Smart Home (although the number of prototype houses that regularly raffle short-term stays is increasing). From a technological point of view, the basic idea is straightforward: while in conventional homes each actuator is controlled by one sensor only, in a Smart Home each actuator can be controlled by any sensor. In conventional homes, the washing machine has a switch, each light has a switch, the stereo has a switch, and so forth. In a Smart Home a central unit, e.g. a PDA, a computer, or a fixed control panel, can control all these devices. For this purpose, a bus system is needed that mutually links the devices and the control unit, and micro system technology is required to facilitate the communication between devices, the bus system and the control unit.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Smart Homes can vary in three aspects: the topology, the transmission media, and the protocol. The <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">topology</em> determines how the components in a Smart Home are arranged. In particular, the topology of a Smart Home can be centralized or decentralized. In a centralized topology, all components are connected to the control unit separately (“hub and spokes arrangement”). In a decentralized topology, the components and the central control unit are mutually linked (“peer-to-peer arrangement”). In general, decentralized arrangements are more flexible, more stable, and more open to ex post alterations of the overall system. The <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">transmission media</em> deployed in a Smart Home determines other important parameters, such as the speed and capacity of transmissions, the interference, and the feasibility of setup changes. Examples for transmission media are twisted pair copper lines, coaxial cables, fiber optic channels, the power line, and a variety of wireless media. All these media provide specific virtues and vices; a proper selection of transmission media, therefore, is of great importance for the functioning of any specific Smart Home. Finally, a <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">protocol</em> is needed to facilitate the communication between the components within a Smart Home. Such a protocol defines the language, so to speak, that is used to make the components interoperable.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This brief technological description of the general idea of the Smart Home<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn8" name="bfn8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span></a> reveals that for the design of any specific Smart Home a number of dimensions has to be specified. With regard to the argumentation presented here, it is crucial that the specification of these dimensions cuts across various industries that can broadly be subsumed under the realms of home automation, household technologies, and ICT infrastructure. First, home automation concerns the construction sector, which is itself a peculiar industry. Product design and innovation in construction are highly dispersed and project-based activities (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib9" name="bbib9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Bergly, 2001</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib32" name="bbib32" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gann, 2000</a>). Indeed, as Flanagan points out, “[t]he construction industry always considers its product to be unique, purpose built, with each project being a prototype” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib27" name="bbib27" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Flanagan, 2001</a>, p. 29). Consequently, as Flanagan further argues, the prevalent logic in the construction industry draws strongly on the knowledge base of engineering principles rather than on business or management expertise. In a different context, other authors have highlighted that the construction industry relies on relatively conservative models of their business, and that, therefore, new types of management knowledge are not easily absorbed in construction projects (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib44" name="bbib44" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Koskela and Vrijhoef, 2001</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib83" name="bbib83" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Winch, 1998</a>). This, too, indicates that the construction industry is influenced by entrenched ways of “doing construction”, and that the uniqueness of many projects stems from the customization of a relatively stable engineering knowledge base (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib9" name="bbib9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Bergly, 2001</a>). This is further supported by <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib33" name="bbib33" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gann and Whyte's (2003, p. 314)</a> notion that “[…] the construction sector has become more conversant with cost and time than with other parameters of concern to customers, end-users and society at large, including value and design quality.” In this perspective, it is the evaluation and further improvement of the way construction is done that marks directions of progress. Concisely, these studies indicate that while the construction industry is organized around separate projects, these projects seem to be informed by a stable knowledge base of engineering principles. Learning and innovation, therefore, seem to be less haphazard than the project-based organization of the industry would suggest.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Secondly, the complete set of household products and services is comprised within the general idea. A whole range of technology thus becomes relevant for the design of Smart Homes, most prominently white goods and consumer electronics. These technologies differ in terms of the industrial and market structures they are embedded in. White goods, for instance, can be considered a classic low-tech field, i.e. they are usually surrounded by a relatively stable market structure with low competition, and they are not science driven (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib8" name="bbib8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Bender, 2005</a>). Consumer electronics, in contrast, are surrounded by highly dynamic markets with high competition; they are not science-driven either. Both areas look back on long traditions of technological trajectories. From this it follows (i) that the meaning attached to particular products is typically fairly stable, and (ii) that the knowledge bases from which these technologies draw are usually well evolved. Indeed, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib2" name="bbib2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Aldrich (2003)</a> points out that for white goods and for consumer electronics, the underlying technologies are relatively homogeneous, and he identifies mechanical/electrical engineering and electronics/computer science as the dominant cognitive systems. In contrast to the construction industry, household technologies can normally be described in terms of classic manufacturing production systems (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib11" name="bbib11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Brady et al., 2005</a>).</p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Thirdly, ICT of various kinds make up the backbone of a home network. For the original Smart Home idea, this concerned the transmission media for the bus system as well as micro system technology that links various devices to the bus. However, recent developments have widened this range: the Internet is increasingly seen to be the ideal backbone within home networks and wireless communication, and the linking to external networks has attracted major attention (see below). <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fig1" name="bfig1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fig. 1</a> illustrates the sectors and technological areas involved in the development of Smart Home systems.</p><figure class="figure text-xs" id="fig1" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(185, 185, 185); border-top: 1px solid rgb(185, 185, 185); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.7rem; line-height: 1.57; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" height="259" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048733307002442-gr1.jpg" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;" /><ol class="links-for-figure" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="anchor download-link u-font-sans" download="" href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048733307002442-gr1.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 24px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Download full-size image"><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download : <span class="download-link-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Download full-size image</span></span></a></li></ol></span><span class="captions" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 1</span></span></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">These three areas of technology circumscribe different sets of parameters that specify the nature of a specific Smart Home. First, the general structure of a Smart Home falls within the realm of construction where fundamental parameters of the built entity are specified. For instance, specifications about whether a home is designed from scratch or whether ‘smartness’, i.e. interoperability based on ICT, is to be brought into existing homes are important. Secondly, white goods and consumer electronics constitute the range of products in a home that is – at least potentially – part of the home network. The selection of devices that is to be integrated and the definition of how the devices are integrated are important design parameters that determine the range of functionality that can be provided by a particular Smart Home. Finally, ICT provides the backbone with which ‘smartness’ is realized. The selection of appropriate media and protocols is thus another important parameter that determines how well certain functions can be provided.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In summary, the Smart Home field comprises a number of industrial sectors that can be subsumed under the groups of home automation, household technologies, and ICT. From a technological perspective, Smart Home systems are built entities in which different functions provided by the entity and the range of products and services in the entity are made interoperable by means of ICT to fulfill additional functionality. The innovation process in the Smart Home field describes learning with regard to the design of such systems.</p></section><section id="sec7" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">3.2. Distributedness and modes of coordination</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The multi-industry setting of the Smart Home field poses challenges for innovation. In particular, a mainstream deployment of Smart Home systems would demand links between the industrial sectors involved that allow for cumulative forms of learning. Indeed, this particular challenge has been addressed in the field and it has evoked different strategies to cope with it. In this section, I advance two modes of coordination that were implicitly prevailing in the field during particular periods in time. First, the 1990s were marked by a battle for dominance that can be understood as an attempt to establish a dominant and comprehensive standard for the design of Smart Homes (<em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">tight coordination</em>). Secondly, the current state of affairs is characterized by efforts to link more openly the activities of the different industries involved (<em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">loose coordination</em>).</p><section id="aep-section-id16" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">3.2.1. Battles for technological dominance: tight coordination</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The 1990s, especially the first half of the decade, marked a period of intensive interest in establishing Smart Home technologies in commercial markets. These early efforts were essentially molded by the attempt to establish a common standard according to which different devices and functions could be linked within a home network. As <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib3" name="bbib3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Allen et al. (1999)</a> have pointed out, the challenge was perceived to be a complete linking of all devices and functions in the home. During that period, the Smart Home field was driven by an agenda that emphasized technological compatibility of different components; important actors in the field proposed technological solutions for complete Smart Homes (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib2" name="bbib2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Aldrich, 2003</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib7" name="bbib7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Barlow et al., 2006</a>). These propositions typically included the specification of a comprehensive set of design parameters that was to be realized under a particular Smart Home standard. For instance, whether or not a standard was open for different transmission media determined the range of devices that could be linked to a particular network; whether or not a standard allowed for plug-and-play determined the flexibility of a system and the degree to which a prospective user was dependent on professional support to install or reinstall his system. Moreover, on the supply side each of the proposed standards implied different ramifications for the distribution of profits among the involved actors. For instance, attaching the IT components to the bus system rather than to the devices linked under the bus system would create more profit for the suppliers of the network infrastructure.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">During the 1990s, 10 important Smart Home standards were proposed across the USA, Europe, and Japan. These standards and the attempts to establish one of them as the prevalent standard have been described extensively elsewhere (just see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib7" name="bbib7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Barlow et al., 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib36" name="bbib36" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Glatzer et al., 1998</a>). For the present paper, however, one particular aspect is crucial—the proposed standards implied very different yet all-embracing visions of what a Smart Home should be. In essence, they constituted comprehensive technological solutions that described complete Smart Homes. As <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib39" name="bbib39" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Heimer (1995)</a> has shown, the development of the proposed standards was “de-contextualized” from the wider socio-economic environment. Only after the fact, i.e. after the standards had been specified on the supply side, was a “re-contextualization” attempted as the different standards began to compete for market share.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Hence, the 1990s were characterized by the attempts of different actors to advance their own solution of a Smart Home. These attempts resembled what Suarez has described as a “battle for dominance”: “[…] different technological trajectories or designs, sponsored by different actors, compete for dominance through a process where economic, technological, and socio-political factors are intertwined” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib72" name="bbib72" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Suarez, 2004</a>, p. 275). For Smart Homes, these different trajectories or designs were represented by different standards that, in turn, were represented by influential actors in the field. These actors “battled” for dominance with particular proposals for integrated technological solutions that specified a generic design of Smart Home systems. With regard to the involvement of different industries, I shall refer to this strategy as a mode of (attempting) <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">tight coordination</em> of the innovation process, insofar as the actors in the field strove for tight links between different industries by advocating an integrated system standard.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Smart Homes, however, are not integrated systems whose core design can be established through “de-contextualization”. Rather, specific Smart Home systems are typically either implemented within an already existing built entity, or – in the case of new buildings – they have to be responsive to the specifications of future occupants. In both cases, the set of components linked within a Smart Home system is specific to each system. In addition to that, Smart Home systems have to remain adaptable, for changes to be made to the set of components they comprise. The standardization attempts in the 1990s failed to acknowledge these peculiarities of Smart Home systems.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Indeed, by the end of the 1990s none of the Smart Home standards that competed in the “battle for dominance” prevailed. Quite the contrary: it was frankly acknowledged that standardization might not be the key to the market success of Smart Homes (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib54" name="bbib54" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Meyer et al., 2001</a>). The perception took hold that flexibility with regard to the specificities of private homes in terms of the product environments they contain, as well as adaptability to changes in these product environments would be key factors. By the turn of the century, a third peculiarity of “homes” as contrasted to office buildings was thus recognized—it is the routines and practices of everyday life that have to be regarded as the knowledge base from which added value for the interoperability of household products can be derived.</p></section><section id="aep-section-id17" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">3.2.2. Open standards and the definition of applications: loose coordination</h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The current state of affairs in the Smart Home field is characterized by a number of changes that have occurred since the 1990s. First, the increasing diffusion of ICT-networks as exemplified in areas such as mobile communication and the Internet has broadened the scope of Smart Homes systems. They are no longer confined to the inside but are expected to facilitate communication with outside networks as well. For instance, cars can be connected to a home network and thus function as an extension of that network, home devices can be controlled remotely with a mobile phone, or the home network can serve as the gateway to larger service networks such as the health care system (e.g. biomonitoring, assisted living, tele-medicine). In this connection, new communication standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, or the Internet protocol TCP/IP gained importance for connecting devices at home. The manifoldness of available standards has become even more complex.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">With regard to the nature of standards, however, a noteworthy shift in perspective has occurred. While standardization has remained an important issue in the field, it is no longer seen as a sufficient condition for the diffusion of Smart Home technologies on commercial markets. Instead of all-encompassing design standards, open standards on the level of middleware that can mediate between devices from heterogeneous origins have become the focus of attention. Indeed, the important consortia in the field, such as the Zigbee alliance, the OSGi alliance or the Digital Living Network Alliance, place emphasis on open standard platforms that can integrate a broad range of different devices. Here, standards are perceived to be an important facilitator for the integration of ICT into the home. However, they are not expected to define the broad range of technological and socio-economic parameters that were specified under the standards proposed in the 1990s. In other words, open standards resonate with the nature of Smart Home systems because they acknowledge that home networks are more or less flexible configurations of products and services that can (i) successively be installed in existing buildings, (ii) be altered according to changing needs and preferences of users, and (iii) integrate novel technologies and formats (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib49" name="bbib49" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Lenton, 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib52" name="bbib52" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Mattern, 2003</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Hence, a remarkable alteration has also occurred with regard to the general perspective on the technology. The focus has shifted away from a closed perception of Smart Home systems as integrated products towards an open view on the ecology of products and services that operate in private homes. A household is recognized as an environment that becomes “smart” as ICT successively pervades it (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib48" name="bbib48" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Langheinrich et al., 2005</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib75" name="bbib75" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Tolmie et al., 2003</a>). Compared with the earlier standardization attempts, this perspective outlines a bottom-up approach where the central challenge is identified as “making homes smart” rather than “making smart homes”. This is a small but decisive difference. The bottom-up perspective acknowledges that Smart Home systems are installed in addition to existing functionality. Hence, their installment has to provide supplementary functionality, and it is the added value supplied by interoperability that has become a central concern in the Smart Home field. Interoperability has to facilitate an application that is valuable against the background of practices users employ with regard to the products in their homes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Indeed, the definition of value has come closer to the social setting in private homes. For instance, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib6" name="bbib6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Barlow and Venables (2003, p. 259)</a> have pointed out that “[t]he smart home industry needs to demonstrate that it can provide solutions that satisfy real user needs […]. The added value of the smart home needs to be clear if a mass market is to emerge.” <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib2" name="bbib2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Aldrich (2003, p. 28)</a> similarly argues that “[t]hrough sensitive exploration of user needs and values [<em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">with regard to Smart Homes – A.P.</em>], we can help to ensure that technological developments will offer genuine benefits, in contrast to the ‘push’ technology which dominates the market at present.” However, satisfying “real user” needs, or just exploring “user needs and values” are not trivial tasks (see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib64" name="bbib64" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Peine, 2007</a>). This is especially true when private homes are concerned, where knowledge of user needs has to be elicited from everyday practices and routines, and translated into technologically and economically significant knowledge—a typically time-consuming and costly endeavor (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib42" name="bbib42" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Hughes et al., 2000</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib67" name="bbib67" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Rosenthal and Capper, 2006</a>).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The question of how to define value for Smart Homes systems from everyday practices and routines has hitherto not been solved. This is part of the field's immaturity as referred to above. However, social trends often seem to be fundamental in shaping contemporary ideas about Smart Home systems (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib16" name="bbib16" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Cheverst et al., 2003</a>) because they provide an aggregate from which knowledge about local practices can be derived. Indeed, a number of recent studies have looked more closely into the nature of design projects in which test and prototype Smart Homes are developed (see <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib41" name="bbib41" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Heusinger, 2005</a> for an overview). These projects are typically clustered around particular contexts of applications, such as the support of elderly people's independent living (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib7" name="bbib7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Barlow et al., 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib20" name="bbib20" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Curry et al., 2002</a>) or the creation of sustainable housing (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib13" name="bbib13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Brown and Vergragt, 2008</a>). Against this background, two features of the Smart Home field can be recorded that distinguish the current state of affairs from the earlier standardization attempts. First, the definition of applications that provide an added value for private homes has become a center of attention. Secondly, social trends and contexts of applications have become an important source of knowledge in defining such applications.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">For the present paper, two “stylized” developments that have taken place after the failure of the standardization attempts in the 1990s are thus important. First, the role of standardization in the innovation process has changed. Open standards facilitate interoperability of devices and functions from heterogeneous sources. They do not, however, propose an integrated solution for the design of Smart Homes systems, nor do they purport a specific and integrated organization of the different industries from which devices and functions stem. Rather, the field's multi-industry setting is organized around a number of dispersed projects in which test and prototype houses are designed. This mirrors an important feature of the technology. As Smart Home systems emerge “on the top” of existing product and service ecologies, the Smart Home field evolves “on the top” of the industries from which these products and services stem. “On the top” denotes that the links between these industries are established through a number of projects that intersect with different industries. I shall refer to this strategy as a mode of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">loose coordination</em> of the innovation process, where actors of different industries successively establish links between the industries they stem from, and thus gradually superimpose an additional structure.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Secondly, the black box of decontextualization has been opened with regard to the social setting in private homes. This has changed the directedness of the innovation process, which has shifted away from a focus on technical solutions in the 1990s to an emphasis on applications and the definition of added value. Hence, everyday practices and routines have proved themselves to be an important source of knowledge to be appropriated in the development of Smart Home systems, and projects in which specific Smart Homes are designed not only cut across different industries, but they also appropriate knowledge about the social setting in private homes. The loose mode of coordinating different industries, therefore, is built around projects and the accumulation of knowledge about applications. As a consequence, the mainstream diffusion of Smart Home systems will depend on how well cumulative forms of knowledge production can emerge from a set of dispersed projects in which actors from the same set of industries repeatedly interact. This challenge goes beyond “inter-project learning” in single firms (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib66" name="bbib66" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Prencipe and Tell, 2001</a>), and rather addresses the emergence of a knowledge base that cuts across existing knowledge bases. This challenge has hitherto only been partially understood. However, the case suggests that the emerging knowledge base centers on applications rather than technological solutions. In the following section, I look into both modes of tight and loose coordination from a Kuhnian perspective. This delivers important insights about the innovation process in the Smart Home field as well as about the applicability of the concept “technological paradigm” to the analysis of complex technical systems. I turn to the latter set of results in Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec11" name="bsec11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">5</a> below.</p></section></section></section><section id="sec8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">4. Discussion of empirical results and theoretical claims</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this section, I link the empirical discussion with the concept of “technological paradigm”. I show that technological paradigms are a particularly useful concept for making sense of the changes that have taken place in the Smart Home field. However, they are particularly useful in a way that is markedly different from the common perspective that underscores the enabling character of technological paradigms (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec4" name="bsec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.3</a>).</p><section id="aep-section-id18" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">4.1. The smart home field and technological paradigms</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The Smart Home field comprises different industries. In general, these industries are different in terms of market structures and underlying knowledge bases (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec6" name="bsec6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3.1</a>). To understand the peculiarities of the innovation process in the Smart Home field, however, I contend that it is particularly useful to take the technological paradigms that operate in the industries involved as a starting point. Indeed, technological paradigms describe industry specific modes of knowledge production rather than structural properties of industries (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec4" name="bsec4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">2.3</a>). A perspective based on paradigms emphasizes, within the wide array of qualities inherent to the multi-industry setting, the involvement of diverse epistemic styles and mindsets where “diverse” refers to the diversity of these elements across paradigms. Technological paradigms, however, can only be applied to the analysis of industries under certain conditions. I shall now briefly discuss these conditions for each of the technological areas of the Smart Home field (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec6" name="bsec6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3.1</a>):</p><dl class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Household products, i.e. white goods and consumer electronics, are mature technologies. That is, household products are typically embedded in well-evolved industries that draw on stable and homogeneous knowledge bases as well as on established identities and meanings (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib2" name="bbib2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Aldrich, 2003</a>). Consequently, closure on dominant designs can be assumed rather complete in these industries. In this sense, the area of household products is relatively straightforward, and the corresponding innovation processes can justly be described as normal technological progress. In particular, white goods represent almost a textbook case for the applicability of technological paradigms since they are neither science-intensive nor systemic in nature (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib25" name="bbib25" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Dosi, 1997</a>).</p></dd><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Because of the building sector's peculiarities, home automation is less straightforward with regard to a description in terms of technological paradigms. Earlier studies have advocated that, while the building industry is dispersed and project-based, its cognitive base is fairly homogeneous, draws heavily on engineering principles, and relies on conservative models of value creation and innovation (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec6" name="bsec6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3.1</a>). While the question whether built entities as a whole can be described in terms of dominant designs is beyond the scope of this paper, these earlier studies suggest that dominant designs are operating on the level of built entities’ components. Technologies stemming from the area of home automation can, therefore, well be described in terms of technological paradigms, and the corresponding innovation processes can justly be described as normal technological progress.</p></dd><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It is only the third area of technology – ICTs that facilitate interoperability – that resists a straightforward description in terms of technological paradigms. Indeed, with regard to the development of Smart Homes this area does not comprise well-evolved industries, but rather includes territories of technology research, such as pervasive computing and ambient intelligence. While research in these territories will be informed by certain paradigms,<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn9" name="bfn9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">9</span></a> the territories themselves have not yet been closed upon particular technological paradigms that deal with interoperability in built entities. As I have shown above (Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec6" name="bsec6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3.1</a>), this third area is also the one that does not provide functionality per se, but rather facilitates “smartness” and interoperability. In other words, it is the linking of components in Smart Homes, for which paradigms have not yet been established. Given the open nature of Smart Home systems, this is, of course, not a surprise but rather constitutes a critical feature of the Smart Home field. I turn to this issue below (Sections <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec9" name="bsec9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4.2 Tight coordination: a Smart Home paradigm?</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec10" name="bsec10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4.3 Loose coordination: linking paradigms in the Smart Home field</a>).</p></dd></dl><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The Smart Home field, therefore, implies a multi-paradigm setting. Conceptualizing the field in this way has a critical implication. At the level of the components that operate in a Smart Home system, innovation proceeds as paradigm-bound normal progress. White goods, consumer electronics, and the relevant parts of the building sector proceed on trajectories that originated long before the Smart Home idea was born. These trajectories are reinforced both on material dimensions through closure on a dominant design and on epistemic dimensions through closure on a corresponding style of producing technologically relevant knowledge. The Smart Home field connects these trajectories, and, consequently, brings together different epistemic styles and paradigmatic mindsets that jointly shape innovation in the field. The coordination problem can be reframed accordingly, i.e. as the challenge to coordinate different paradigm communities in innovation. In the remainder of this study, I shall explore both modes of tight and loose coordination in the Smart Home field, and discuss how well they were suited to cope with this particular challenge.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Before, however, a general point needs further consideration. What do we gain from looking at the Smart Home field from the particular perspective of technological paradigms? On a general level, the perspective accentuates a tension that exists between the evolved nature of the industrial sectors concerned, and the ambitious attempts to design interoperable high-end system solutions that link products of these sectors. Using paradigms as a point of origin to explore this tension underscores that evolved industries are relatively closed with regard to the heuristics and mindsets that nurture the growth of their knowledge bases. System development that cuts across established sectors thus has to cope with the heterogeneity that exists between these sets of heuristics and mindsets, and learning about systems has to link and incorporate them. The existence of technological paradigms at the component level thus not only enables learning at the component level, but it also constitutes a challenge for learning at the system level.</p></section><section id="sec9" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">4.2. Tight coordination: a Smart Home paradigm?</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The literature on complex technical systems has long been emphasizing that technological paradigms and dominant designs can be hierarchically ordered in nested product architectures (e.g. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib57" name="bbib57" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Murmann and Frenken, 2006</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib17" name="bbib17" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Christensen and Rosenbloom, 1995</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib18" name="bbib18" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Clark, 1985</a>). In this perspective, a dominant design specifies both component and architectural knowledge, i.e. it spells out both the core design concepts of the components and the way these are integrated into a system (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib40" name="bbib40" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Henderson and Clark, 1990</a>). The corresponding paradigm sets out the heuristics guiding further development of the complete system (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib29" name="bbib29" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fleck, 2000</a>). Here, the emphasis clearly is on hierarchy—while multiple paradigms exist at the component level of a system, they are organized within an overarching paradigm prescribing how to organize the components into a system.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Against this backdrop, the failure of the standardization attempts in the 1990s does not come as a surprise. Indeed, in the attempted mode of tight coordination, Smart Home systems were conceived of as integrated systems, and different proposals for a technological paradigm specifying such an integrated system competed in a “battle for dominance”.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn10" name="bfn10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span></a> With the proposed standards, the supporting actors each sought to establish closure upon a dominant design and a corresponding set of heuristics in order to realize both a distribution of benefits in their favor, and the control over the further development of the field (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib74" name="bbib74" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Tidd, 1995</a>). However, these attempts did not take into account that, in the case of Smart Home systems, technological paradigms were already firmly established at the component level. Integrating these paradigms ex post into a coherent hierarchy poses a challenge that, far from being trivial, was widely neglected in the field.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this context, the “openness” of Smart Homes systems is most important. Indeed, Smart Homes are often built into existing product environments, and have to remain adaptable to changes in such environments. In other words, while the range of components that can be included in any Smart Home system is known, each particular Smart Home only includes a specific selection from this range, and defines a specific plan on how to arrange them. Smart Home systems are thus not only open with regard to the specific context they are implemented in (the arrangement of components), but also with respect to the knowledge bases that are relevant for each system (the selection of knowledge bases). Therefore, the multi-industry setting is inherently related to the openness of Smart Homes systems—because Smart Home systems are open technical systems, the different industries and “their” paradigms remain relevant for the design of Smart Homes. Open technical systems are thus likely to derive component knowledge from the knowledge bases of different industries, and at the architectural level, therefore, they have to remain open to the peculiarities of these knowledge bases. A major challenge is then posed by the different paradigms that are effective at the component level, and that cannot be neglected at the system level.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The Kuhnian perspective allows us to take a closer look at this challenge, and explains, to a large extent, why the “battle for dominance” has remained inconclusive. Indeed, paradigms are incommensurable. While Kuhn does not say anything about a possible hierarchical organization of scientific paradigms, he is very clear that only two mechanisms exist for the emergence of a new paradigm—the formation of a paradigm from a pre-paradigmatic stage, and the substitution of a new paradigm for an old one (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, pp. 12–13). The situation in the Smart Home field does not fit either of these mechanisms. Technological paradigms exist, and they are likely to continue to exist independently of whether Smart Home technologies reach a state of mass deployment. In the Kuhnian perspective, it becomes clear that the Smart Home field has not been organized in a way that was suitable for the emergence of a Smart Home paradigm. However, the leading actors in the field tried to accomplish just that—the establishment of a comprehensive paradigm that would tightly link the component paradigms. In a nutshell, this mode of coordination simply did not take into account the Kuhnian insight that distinct and stable paradigms establish boundaries between them across which closure on a new paradigm cannot be realized easily.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This has a more specific implication with regard to the organization of the multi-industry setting in the Smart Home field. Technological paradigms are located within single industries. The attempted establishment of a Smart Home paradigm can thus be interpreted as a struggle to organize the Smart Home field within the boundaries of an existing industry. That is, each actor implicitly used the respective standard in an attempt to integrate the Smart Home field into the regime of his own industry. Again, the Kuhnian perspective delivers an important insight. Because each technological solution was shaped by the paradigm prevalent in one particular industry, each solution was incommensurable with the other paradigms integrated under that solution. As a consequence, none of the solutions proposed was able to generate an “outlook”, i.e. a set of heuristics for the further development of the field, that was acceptable within the other paradigms. Indeed, together with the proposed technological solutions, different outlooks for the further development of the Smart Home field battled for dominance. Each of these outlooks not only collided with the competing outlooks, but also with the outlooks prevalent in the industries at the component level. In other words, the proposed Smart Home standards, i.e. paradigms at the system level, failed due to their incommensurability with the component paradigms.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The multi-industry setting in the Smart Home field, therefore, implies a tension that exists between the different industries involved and the field. Since technological paradigms are firmly established within the industries at the component level, none of these paradigms was able to establish “its” version of a Smart Home paradigm to become prevalent at the field level. As a consequence, the field itself is unlikely to develop the characteristics of an industry itself—in the short run, that is. Indeed, the emergence of a “Smart Home industry” from the standardization attempts would have required an extension of one paradigm to become dominant in the emerging industry. This, however, was impeded by the open nature of Smart Home systems due to which the component paradigms remain to be important also at the field level.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In summary, the tight mode of coordination failed to acknowledge both the existence and continued relevance of technological paradigms at the component level of Smart Home systems. In particular, it failed to acknowledge that technological paradigms are incommensurable, i.e. that they create different outlooks with regard to the further development of “their” technology. The technological solutions battling for dominance in the 1990s were proposals each of which was dominated by one of the communities in the Smart Home field. Given the incommensurable nature of paradigms, these solutions were doomed to fail. On a broader level, this underscores the distinction between “field” and “industry”. While the Smart Home field includes a number of industries and might eventually develop into an industry itself, it can initially not been described as an industry. The Kuhnian perspective, therefore, directs our attention to the very nature of the Smart Home field, and the process by which it evolves and, in the long run, stabilizes. I turn to these issues now by exploring the subsequent loose mode of coordinating the different industries involved. Again, I employ a Kuhnian perspective.</p></section><section id="sec10" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px !important; margin: 24px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">4.3. Loose coordination: linking paradigms in the Smart Home field</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Above, I have shown that the loose mode of coordinating different industries is characterized by two changes—the focus of standardization has shifted to open standards that facilitate interoperability between devices from heterogeneous sources, and the social setting in private homes has become an immediate source of knowledge for the design of Smart Home systems. This mode resembles an attempt to initiate links between different industries without hierarchically integrating them under a system standard. In a Kuhnian perspective, the field's focus thus moved from attempting to integrate the component paradigms into a system paradigm towards making an effort to establish links between the component paradigms and thus facilitating learning between these paradigms. This is an important difference. While the standardization attempts in the 1990s tried to set up a system paradigm as a preliminary to the mass deployment of Smart Home technologies, actors in the loose mode of coordination seek to initiate a process of mass deployment first. This process might eventually result in the emergence of a Smart Home paradigm, but this is neither a preliminary for mass deployment nor a necessary consequence.</p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Hence, the loose mode of coordination does justice to the structure of the Smart Home field, where paradigms at component level impede the establishment of a comprehensive paradigm at field level. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fig2" name="bfig2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fig. 2</a> illustrates the relationship between the component paradigms and the emerging field in a loose mode of coordination. It shows that the term “loose” refers to links between stable paradigms that neither integrate these paradigms into a new one nor extend one of the component paradigms to the field level. Consequently, the field cuts across stable paradigms, and is jointly shaped by the respective sets of heuristics at the component level. The loose mode of coordination is one in which learning across the boundaries of different paradigms is facilitated without an overarching paradigm.</p><figure class="figure text-xs" id="fig2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(185, 185, 185); border-top: 1px solid rgb(185, 185, 185); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.7rem; line-height: 1.57; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" height="268" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048733307002442-gr2.jpg" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;" /><ol class="links-for-figure" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="anchor download-link u-font-sans" download="" href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048733307002442-gr2.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 24px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Download full-size image"><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download : <span class="download-link-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Download full-size image</span></span></a></li></ol></span><span class="captions" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 2</span></span></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The growth and stabilization of a field proceeds through continued interactions between members of different paradigms, i.e. it proceeds through cumulative learning that arises from these interactions. From a Kuhnian perspective, this is an odd observation. In a strictly Kuhnian sense, cumulative learning should at least be problematic without a prior closure on a paradigm, and cumulative learning across boundaries of different paradigms should not be possible at all. Indeed, this is the very nature of paradigm incommensurability (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 150), and paradigm incommensurability has hampered the evolution of the Smart Home field since its origin (see Sections <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec7" name="bsec7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">3.2 Distributedness and modes of coordination</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec9" name="bsec9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4.2 Tight coordination: a Smart Home paradigm?</a>). This has two possible implications. One is that the mass diffusion of Smart Home technologies is doomed to fail because the impediment of the inter-paradigm setting can ultimately not be resolved. The empirical case, however, suggests something else, namely that inter-paradigm learning takes place, and that the multi-paradigm setting might eventually nurture cumulative forms of learning. What we observe in the field, therefore, is a phenomenon that challenges the Kuhnian perspective. To understand this phenomenon, a closer look into the mechanisms that facilitate the loose mode of coordination in the Smart Home field is necessary. In this respect though, I shall confine myself to elaborating upon some cues that are directly relevant with regard to technological paradigms.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I contend that the second characteristic of the loose mode of coordinating different industries – the appropriation of the social setting in private homes – explains this mode to a large extent. The case study has revealed that Smart Home projects typically generate knowledge about the social setting in private homes by focusing on particular contexts of application. These contexts can be conceived of as aggregates, from which knowledge about applications and added value can be derived. This can partially be accounted for within a Kuhnian framework. Indeed, Kuhn says that in the communication between members of different paradigms, these members frequently refer to criteria outside each of the paradigms concerned (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib45" name="bbib45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Kuhn, 1970</a>, p. 156). While Kuhn only notes this option in passing, it seems to be crucial for the understanding of cumulative learning at the field level. The case explored in this paper suggests that field learning proceeds as knowledge about applications and added value accrues in addition to technological knowledge about feasible solutions.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This resembles a particular mode of knowledge production that <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib34" name="bbib34" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gibbons et al. (1994)</a> have famously dubbed Mode 2.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn11" name="bfn11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">11</span></a> According to them, transdisciplinarity is the most salient feature of Mode 2—knowledge production cuts across heterogeneous academic and other specialists’ communities and is opened to its respective context of application when community specific criteria to evaluate knowledge claims thus become obsolete. The authors further maintain that, consequently, the organization of knowledge production becomes transient, concentrated in problem-driven temporary networks, and the demarcations between those institutions that were traditionally said to govern knowledge production dissolve. The case presented here seems to support important claims made by Gibbons et al.—the knowledge production in the Smart Home field indeed cuts across different technological paradigms, i.e. specialized and knowledge producing communities, and thereby brings technological research closer to particular areas of application. However, the case presented in this paper has also underpinned the strength and persistence of boundaries between technological paradigms, an aspect that also challenges the claims made by Gibbons et al. I return to this issue in Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec11" name="bsec11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">5</a> below where I link the results presented here to the debate on Mode 2.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The exact effectiveness of the mode of loose coordination remains an issue for further research. The case analysis, however, supports a number of propositions to guide further research. First, application contexts provide sources of knowledge that can be processed within different paradigm communities. Repeatedly appropriating these sources in the design of Smart Home systems facilitates learning at field level. In this sense, application contexts constitute what <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib71" name="bbib71" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Star (1993)</a> has called “boundary objects”—application contexts provide knowledge bases for different paradigms as to how to translate the social setting in private homes into added value for Smart Home systems. Secondly, focusing on valuable applications in addition to technological solutions facilitates learning at field level. The field evolves as knowledge about such applications accumulates in-between and “on the top” of multiple paradigms. Thirdly, the translation of application contexts into design specifications of Smart Homes becomes a core activity at field level. Against this background, we can envisage the field as a superimposed structure that links different paradigms, and that evolves through continuous interactions between members of these paradigms. While the field is clearly shaped by the existence of paradigms at the component level, it organizes these paradigms in a markedly different way than suggested by the literature on integrated technical systems.</p></section></section><section id="sec11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">5. Conclusions</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This paper has provided a comprehensive discussion of technological paradigms against the background of the Kuhnian prototype. In doing so, I have specified Kuhn's notion of scientific paradigms along an exemplary, heuristic and community dimension. Accordingly, I have provided a definition of a technological paradigm that centers on the closure upon a dominant design that is accompanied by a closure upon an epistemic style. This style is homogeneous within a particular community of specialists, and generates heterogeneity between such communities.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The mainstream use of technological paradigms in the innovation literature applies the concept to the analysis of technological change as a whole. In contrast to this, I have focused on an exploration of normal technological change, i.e. on paradigm-bound technological progress. I have further contended that normal technological progress is only one force within the wider proceedings of technological change and innovation <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">en gros</em>. Under specific circumstances, however, normal technological progress is so influential that an innovation process can be described primarily in Kuhnian terms. I have specified these circumstances—technological paradigms are particularly influential in well-evolved industrial sectors, in which the closure on a dominant design is relatively complete (cf. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib1" name="bbib1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Afuah and Utterback, 1997</a>). Hence, while industries can include more than one paradigm, paradigms are always embedded in the broader structure of one particular industry.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">A second emphasis of this paper has been an exploration of the relationship between paradigms and complex technical systems. Especially, I have stressed a distinction between integrated and open technical systems. Integrated technical systems have been widely described in the literature as systems for which both component and architectural knowledge are fixed in terms of a design hierarchy. Several authors have applied technological paradigms in analyzing the dynamics of integrated technical systems, and could show that paradigms can be hierarchically structured (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib29" name="bbib29" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fleck, 2000</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib17" name="bbib17" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Christensen and Rosenbloom, 1995</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib18" name="bbib18" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Clark, 1985</a>). In this reading, a system paradigm closely links component paradigms by prescribing how the components are linked within the system. In this sense, innovation processes of integrated systems proceed within industries, and the dynamics of cumulative change fit well within the Kuhnian notion of normal progress.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Open technical systems differ from integrated systems in two ways. First, they are “open” because architectural knowledge is not fixed. Open systems are, so to speak, installed into an existing set of components. In the case of Smart Home systems, sets of products and services in private homes are linked into an interoperable product environment. In addition, these systems have to remain adaptable, i.e. they have to be able to incorporate additional products or services. The components in open technical systems, therefore, are more loosely structured than in the case of integrated technical systems. As a consequence, design hierarchies are specific to particular systems, rather than generic across different instances of implementation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The second difference is related to the kind of innovation process that typifies the dynamics of open technical systems. Open systems link independent components that stem from well-established industrial sectors. That is, they typically link components for which technological paradigms have long been established, and market and industry structures already have an extended tradition. The system level, therefore, emerges “on the top” of existing industries. I have described the system level as a field, in which different industries are linked, but which is not an industry itself—at least not initially. I have shown that the Smart Home field displayed two successive modes of coordination—a tight mode and a loose mode of coordinating the industries involved. The tight mode failed to acknowledge the open nature of the field by proceeding on the assumption that Smart Home systems are integrated systems. The loose mode, which has evolved from the failure of the tight mode, acknowledges, albeit implicitly, the open nature of Smart Home systems. It has reduced the purpose of standardization to providing a platform for interoperability (rather than proposing complete technological solutions), and it has opened the black box of “decontextualization” with regard to the social setting in private homes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Technological paradigms constitute a powerful analytical tool to understand innovation of open technical systems. While integrated systems can be described in terms of hierarchically ordered paradigms that define both the component and the system level, open systems are characterized by paradigms at the component level and the absence of an overarching paradigm defining how these are linked in the system. In this constellation, and in contrast to conventional wisdom, technological paradigms constitute a challenge to cumulative learning at the field level where they frustrate the emergence and stabilization of an innovation process as much as they contribute to it. In particular, the Kuhnian perspective explains the challenge of open technical systems in an epistemic dimension: while paradigms are dominant designs, and distinct dominant designs can be coordinated in design hierarchies, paradigms are also shared group commitments and mindsets. These are far more difficult to coordinate in innovation, as the case study has revealed. Indeed, the two modes of coordination suggest that actors in the field have moved from the implicit assumption of paradigms as dominant designs to the implicit acknowledgement of paradigms as epistemic styles. It is in this latter dimension that the incommensurability of paradigms becomes effective and has hampered innovation during the standardization attempts. Also, it is this latter dimension that continues to describe the central challenges for the mass diffusion of Smart Home technologies. Innovation of open technical systems consequently depends on the initiation of a process in which members of different paradigms are enabled to jointly shape innovation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this sense, the case also challenges the Kuhnian perspective and indicates its limits with respect to the description of open technical systems. Indeed, the case suggests that paradigm incommensurability can be overcome, and different paradigm communities can jointly initiate learning at the field level.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn12" name="bfn12" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span></a> This is the nature of the Smart Home field as depicted in <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fig2" name="bfig2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Fig. 2</a>. The Kuhnian perspective explains to a large extent the challenges involved in this constellation. However, it can only insufficiently account for the mechanisms that enable cumulative learning across the boundaries of different paradigms. To understand innovation of open technical systems, research is thus needed that will explore the further development of the Smart Home field under the prevailing mode of loose coordination, and that will address, in particular, the mechanisms that loosely link distinct paradigms. With regard to this, I shall confine myself here to three concrete directions for such research.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">First, by focusing on technological paradigms this paper did not take into account other entrenched ways of “doing things”, such as organizing business or coordinating innovation, that also characterize industries.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fn13" name="bfn13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">13</span></a> In principle, paradigms may also exist for these aspects. This paper, however, has not dealt with such “business” or “coordination paradigms”, but has concentrated on the homogenization of technological research and its effects on innovation processes. This paper has thus proceeded on the assumption that technological paradigms constitute a distinct and peculiar mechanism of entrenching innovation in industries, and has explored the virtues and vices of this acumination. It could thus propose a number of insights both into the working of technological paradigms and into the dynamics of open technical systems.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">However, the relationship between technological and other paradigms present in the Smart Home field, such as business, coordination, or scientific paradigms, remains an important topic for further research. In particular, the question whether or not the modes of tight and loose coordination can be understood as paradigms in their own right is an interesting one. The analysis of this paper suggests that the loose mode of coordination has evolved from the tight mode of coordination because technological paradigms of the components posed hindrances to the emergence of technological paradigms at the field level. Therefore, the incommensurability between the component paradigms and the proposed system paradigms account for the emergence of an alternative way of coordinating innovation. In how far this can, in its own right, fruitfully be analyzed as a paradigm shift in the Kuhnian sense remains an avenue to be explored.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Secondly, the relationship between the technological paradigms of the components and the field suggests a number of areas for further exploration. In particular, the loose mode of coordination seems to resemble some features of Mode 2 knowledge production (see Section <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#sec10" name="bsec10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">4.3</a>). Are the changes in the mode of coordinating innovation found in the Smart Home field thus indicative of more profound changes in a “Mode 2 society” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib59" name="bbib59" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Nowotny et al., 2001</a>)? Indeed, the Smart Home field resembles salient features of transdisciplinarity. At the field level, experts from different specialized communities, i.e. technological paradigms, collaborate in successive projects and temporary networks. These networks center on particular application contexts and, as the case suggests, develop through an exploration of these contexts. The field level, therefore, generates knowledge that is not genuinely evaluated according to criteria specific to any of the paradigms involved, but rather in terms of the added value it provides in private households. In this sense, innovation of open technical systems may indeed involve “firms more closely in Mode 2 knowledge production” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib34" name="bbib34" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Gibbons et al., 1994</a>, p. 46). Further research needs to show whether this proves true for other technological fields where ICT enables new forms of interoperability between existing products.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">However, the Smart Home case also challenges the notion of Mode 2 knowledge production. In particular, it is not yet decided whether loose coordination will indeed realize a mass deployment of Smart Home technologies. Rather, the case also indicates a number of problems in realizing cumulative forms of field learning. Boundaries between technological paradigms, after all, continue to be important and continue to pose a challenge at the field level. This is an aspect that is not covered in the Mode 2 literature, where very little attention is paid to the actual process by which the alleged new mode has emerged from the former mode (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib10" name="bbib10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Birrer, 2001</a>). In the Smart Home field, further research that enlightens the concrete mechanisms that facilitate loose coordination is thus crucial and will need to address how, if at all, the component paradigms change in response to learning at the field level. In summary, an important direction for further research is the inter-relatedness of component and field dynamics. In this respect, the approach presented here provides conceptual cues to follow along the lines of a Kuhnian perspective. These cues seem to be particularly relevant in complementing the “anti-differentiationist” (<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib70" name="bbib70" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Shinn, 2002</a>, p. 604) flavor of Mode 2 with sound analyses of the processes that merge specialized forms of knowledge production into more transient modes. Such analyses would have to clarify how these transient modes utilize and transform the heterogeneity from which they emerge. As <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib26" name="bbib26" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000, p. 119)</a> have suggested, “one finds Mode 1 within Mode 2, and Mode 2 within Mode 1”. Against this backdrop, the Smart Home field displays its most interesting tension where different technological paradigms are linked but remain relevant.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This last point also touches on the normative dimension of the case—are technological paradigms conducive to innovation, and, if so, to what kind of innovation are they conducive? A most important result of this study has shown that technological paradigms might be an obstacle to innovation. This challenges the standard use of the concept. However, this obstacle may be overcome, and the case could demonstrate that technological paradigms, and particularly their persistence, triggered the emergence of loose coordination. It was only because paradigms had frustrated early attempts of standardization that the field moved away from tight forms of coordination in the first place. And this, in turn, bears an important potential—loose coordination thrives on a more immediate concern for the applicability and the value added of technological solutions, and thus might indeed better suit the needs of end-users. The Smart Home field thus reveals a situation where paradigms pose a challenge in the first instance, but a challenge that, if overcome, bears great potential for innovation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The evaluation of this ambivalent functioning of paradigms vis-à-vis innovation of open technical systems is no simple task, and a particular concern for further research is to clarify if and how the constituent technological paradigms are utilized in technological fields. One needs to follow the changing role of component paradigms within technological fields over time. This would indicate how far loose coordination might derive particular strength from linking heterogeneous parts without leveling their differences. The case analysis of this paper suggests that Smart Home innovation has to cope with two inter-related levels of dynamics, and that, therefore, the component paradigms are a constituent part of learning at the field level. Following the future development of the Smart Home field and similar cases of open technical systems along the conceptual lines proposed here will further explore this suggestion.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Thirdly, a more practical concern for further research is how knowledge about the social setting in private homes is actually translated in design processes. In the Smart Home field, the multi-paradigm setting has brought innovation closer to the users of Smart Home systems. The case suggests that open technical systems have particular potential, precisely because the closure upon a dominant design solution is excluded. However, whether or not this potential can be realized depends on how well knowledge about everyday practices and routines can be translated into the design of marketable products. The exploration in this paper suggests that the link between everyday practices and design is slowly developing in the Smart Home field. How this finally turns out may well be the most exciting issue to be investigated by future research in the field. Such cases will also have more general implications for understanding how innovation proceeds in open technical systems.</p></section></div><section id="aep-acknowledgment-id23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">Acknowledgements</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I would like to thank Rikard Stankiewicz, Werner Rammert, Hans Georg Gemünden and two anonymous referees for very helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. All remaining errors are mine. Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Max Weber Programme of the European University Institute in Florence. <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#fig2" name="bfig2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Figure 2</a> is modified and reproduced from <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bib62" name="bbib62" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Peine (2006a)</a> with the kind permission of transcript-Verlag in Bielefeld.</p></section></div><div class="Tail" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><section class="bibliography u-font-serif text-s" id="aep-bibliography-id24" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.333; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; margin: 32px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">References</h2><section class="bibliography-sec" id="aep-bibliography-sec-id25" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dl class="references" id="reference-links-aep-bibliography-sec-id25" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib1" id="ref-id-bib1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Afuah and Utterback, 1997</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A.N. 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Clark<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The interaction of design hierarchies and market concepts in technological evolution</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Policy, 14 (1985), pp. 235-251</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733385900071" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;">Article</a><a class="anchor pdf link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733385900071/pdf?md5=15f09f92a8490aeff0dffb5ddef7e60c&pid=1-s2.0-0048733385900071-main.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><svg class="icon icon-pdf-multicolor" focusable="false" height="24" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24"><path d="M7 .362h17.875l6.763 6.1V31.64H6.948V16z" fill="#fff" stroke-width=".703" stroke="#000"></path><path d="M.167 2.592H22.39V9.72H.166z" fill="#da0000" stroke-width=".315" stroke="#aaa"></path><path d="M5.97 3.638h1.62c1.053 0 1.483.677 1.488 1.564.008.96-.6 1.564-1.492 1.564h-.644v1.66h-.977V3.64m.977.897v1.34h.542c.27 0 .596-.068.596-.673-.002-.6-.32-.667-.596-.667h-.542m3.8.036v2.92h.35c.933 0 1.223-.448 1.228-1.462.008-1.06-.316-1.45-1.23-1.45h-.347m-.977-.94h1.03c1.68 0 2.523.586 2.534 2.39.01 1.688-.607 2.4-2.534 2.4h-1.03V3.64m4.305 0h2.63v.934h-1.657v.894H16.6V6.4h-1.56v2.026h-.97V3.638" fill="#fff9f9"></path><path d="M19.462 13.46c.348 4.274-6.59 16.72-8.508 15.792-1.82-.85 1.53-3.317 2.92-4.366-2.864.894-5.394 3.252-3.837 3.93 2.113.895 7.048-9.25 9.41-15.394zM14.32 24.874c4.767-1.526 14.735-2.974 15.152-1.407.824-3.157-13.72-.37-15.153 1.407zm5.28-5.043c2.31 3.237 9.816 7.498 9.788 3.82-.306 2.046-6.66-1.097-8.925-4.164-4.087-5.534-2.39-8.772-1.682-8.732.917.047 1.074 1.307.67 2.442-.173-1.406-.58-2.44-1.224-2.415-1.835.067-1.905 4.46 1.37 9.065z" fill="#f91d0a"></path></svg><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download PDF</span></a><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000595783&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20interaction%20of%20design%20hierarchies%20and%20market%20concepts%20in%20technological%20evolution&publication_year=1985&author=K.B.%20Clark" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib19" id="ref-id-bib19" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Constant, 1980</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">E.W. 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Frenken<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Toward a systematic framework for research on dominant designs, technological innovations, and industrial change</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Policy, 35 (2006), pp. 925-952</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733306000862" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;">Article</a><a class="anchor pdf link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733306000862/pdfft?md5=e24edcc600faef4cd2ece0c5e453f16a&pid=1-s2.0-S0048733306000862-main.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><svg class="icon icon-pdf-multicolor" focusable="false" height="24" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24"><path d="M7 .362h17.875l6.763 6.1V31.64H6.948V16z" fill="#fff" stroke-width=".703" stroke="#000"></path><path d="M.167 2.592H22.39V9.72H.166z" fill="#da0000" stroke-width=".315" stroke="#aaa"></path><path d="M5.97 3.638h1.62c1.053 0 1.483.677 1.488 1.564.008.96-.6 1.564-1.492 1.564h-.644v1.66h-.977V3.64m.977.897v1.34h.542c.27 0 .596-.068.596-.673-.002-.6-.32-.667-.596-.667h-.542m3.8.036v2.92h.35c.933 0 1.223-.448 1.228-1.462.008-1.06-.316-1.45-1.23-1.45h-.347m-.977-.94h1.03c1.68 0 2.523.586 2.534 2.39.01 1.688-.607 2.4-2.534 2.4h-1.03V3.64m4.305 0h2.63v.934h-1.657v.894H16.6V6.4h-1.56v2.026h-.97V3.638" fill="#fff9f9"></path><path d="M19.462 13.46c.348 4.274-6.59 16.72-8.508 15.792-1.82-.85 1.53-3.317 2.92-4.366-2.864.894-5.394 3.252-3.837 3.93 2.113.895 7.048-9.25 9.41-15.394zM14.32 24.874c4.767-1.526 14.735-2.974 15.152-1.407.824-3.157-13.72-.37-15.153 1.407zm5.28-5.043c2.31 3.237 9.816 7.498 9.788 3.82-.306 2.046-6.66-1.097-8.925-4.164-4.087-5.534-2.39-8.772-1.682-8.732.917.047 1.074 1.307.67 2.442-.173-1.406-.58-2.44-1.224-2.415-1.835.067-1.905 4.46 1.37 9.065z" fill="#f91d0a"></path></svg><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download PDF</span></a><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33747151599&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Toward%20a%20systematic%20framework%20for%20research%20on%20dominant%20designs%2C%20technological%20innovations%2C%20and%20industrial%20change&publication_year=2006&author=J.P.%20Murmann&author=K.%20Frenken" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib58" id="ref-id-bib58" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Nelson and Winter, 1977</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">R.R. 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Winter<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In search for a useful theory of innovation</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Policy, 6 (1977), pp. 36-76</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733377900294" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;">Article</a><a class="anchor pdf link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733377900294/pdf?md5=d132ef3411c6d09cfbbc876d9c65e6af&pid=1-s2.0-0048733377900294-main.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><svg class="icon icon-pdf-multicolor" focusable="false" height="24" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24"><path d="M7 .362h17.875l6.763 6.1V31.64H6.948V16z" fill="#fff" stroke-width=".703" stroke="#000"></path><path d="M.167 2.592H22.39V9.72H.166z" fill="#da0000" stroke-width=".315" stroke="#aaa"></path><path d="M5.97 3.638h1.62c1.053 0 1.483.677 1.488 1.564.008.96-.6 1.564-1.492 1.564h-.644v1.66h-.977V3.64m.977.897v1.34h.542c.27 0 .596-.068.596-.673-.002-.6-.32-.667-.596-.667h-.542m3.8.036v2.92h.35c.933 0 1.223-.448 1.228-1.462.008-1.06-.316-1.45-1.23-1.45h-.347m-.977-.94h1.03c1.68 0 2.523.586 2.534 2.39.01 1.688-.607 2.4-2.534 2.4h-1.03V3.64m4.305 0h2.63v.934h-1.657v.894H16.6V6.4h-1.56v2.026h-.97V3.638" fill="#fff9f9"></path><path d="M19.462 13.46c.348 4.274-6.59 16.72-8.508 15.792-1.82-.85 1.53-3.317 2.92-4.366-2.864.894-5.394 3.252-3.837 3.93 2.113.895 7.048-9.25 9.41-15.394zM14.32 24.874c4.767-1.526 14.735-2.974 15.152-1.407.824-3.157-13.72-.37-15.153 1.407zm5.28-5.043c2.31 3.237 9.816 7.498 9.788 3.82-.306 2.046-6.66-1.097-8.925-4.164-4.087-5.534-2.39-8.772-1.682-8.732.917.047 1.074 1.307.67 2.442-.173-1.406-.58-2.44-1.224-2.415-1.835.067-1.905 4.46 1.37 9.065z" fill="#f91d0a"></path></svg><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download PDF</span></a><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0017578548&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In%20search%20for%20a%20useful%20theory%20of%20innovation&publication_year=1977&author=R.R.%20Nelson&author=S.G.%20Winter" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib59" id="ref-id-bib59" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Nowotny et al., 2001</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">H. 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Parayil<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mapping technological trajectories of the green revolution and the gene revolution from modernization to globalization</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Policy, 32 (2003), pp. 971-990</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001063" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;">Article</a><a class="anchor pdf link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001063/pdfft?md5=feddcc90641ea259a9d053384ff7582c&pid=1-s2.0-S0048733302001063-main.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><svg class="icon icon-pdf-multicolor" focusable="false" height="24" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24"><path d="M7 .362h17.875l6.763 6.1V31.64H6.948V16z" fill="#fff" stroke-width=".703" stroke="#000"></path><path d="M.167 2.592H22.39V9.72H.166z" fill="#da0000" stroke-width=".315" stroke="#aaa"></path><path d="M5.97 3.638h1.62c1.053 0 1.483.677 1.488 1.564.008.96-.6 1.564-1.492 1.564h-.644v1.66h-.977V3.64m.977.897v1.34h.542c.27 0 .596-.068.596-.673-.002-.6-.32-.667-.596-.667h-.542m3.8.036v2.92h.35c.933 0 1.223-.448 1.228-1.462.008-1.06-.316-1.45-1.23-1.45h-.347m-.977-.94h1.03c1.68 0 2.523.586 2.534 2.39.01 1.688-.607 2.4-2.534 2.4h-1.03V3.64m4.305 0h2.63v.934h-1.657v.894H16.6V6.4h-1.56v2.026h-.97V3.638" fill="#fff9f9"></path><path d="M19.462 13.46c.348 4.274-6.59 16.72-8.508 15.792-1.82-.85 1.53-3.317 2.92-4.366-2.864.894-5.394 3.252-3.837 3.93 2.113.895 7.048-9.25 9.41-15.394zM14.32 24.874c4.767-1.526 14.735-2.974 15.152-1.407.824-3.157-13.72-.37-15.153 1.407zm5.28-5.043c2.31 3.237 9.816 7.498 9.788 3.82-.306 2.046-6.66-1.097-8.925-4.164-4.087-5.534-2.39-8.772-1.682-8.732.917.047 1.074 1.307.67 2.442-.173-1.406-.58-2.44-1.224-2.415-1.835.067-1.905 4.46 1.37 9.065z" fill="#f91d0a"></path></svg><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download PDF</span></a><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867964383&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mapping%20technological%20trajectories%20of%20the%20green%20revolution%20and%20the%20gene%20revolution%20from%20modernization%20to%20globalization&publication_year=2003&author=G.%20Parayil" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib61" id="ref-id-bib61" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Pavitt, 1984</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">K. Pavitt<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Policy, 13 (1984), pp. 343-373</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733384900180" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;">Article</a><a class="anchor pdf link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048733384900180/pdf?md5=4efc380da529446c4f7623488bc66a3b&pid=1-s2.0-0048733384900180-main.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007398; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank"><svg class="icon icon-pdf-multicolor" focusable="false" height="24" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24"><path d="M7 .362h17.875l6.763 6.1V31.64H6.948V16z" fill="#fff" stroke-width=".703" stroke="#000"></path><path d="M.167 2.592H22.39V9.72H.166z" fill="#da0000" stroke-width=".315" stroke="#aaa"></path><path d="M5.97 3.638h1.62c1.053 0 1.483.677 1.488 1.564.008.96-.6 1.564-1.492 1.564h-.644v1.66h-.977V3.64m.977.897v1.34h.542c.27 0 .596-.068.596-.673-.002-.6-.32-.667-.596-.667h-.542m3.8.036v2.92h.35c.933 0 1.223-.448 1.228-1.462.008-1.06-.316-1.45-1.23-1.45h-.347m-.977-.94h1.03c1.68 0 2.523.586 2.534 2.39.01 1.688-.607 2.4-2.534 2.4h-1.03V3.64m4.305 0h2.63v.934h-1.657v.894H16.6V6.4h-1.56v2.026h-.97V3.638" fill="#fff9f9"></path><path d="M19.462 13.46c.348 4.274-6.59 16.72-8.508 15.792-1.82-.85 1.53-3.317 2.92-4.366-2.864.894-5.394 3.252-3.837 3.93 2.113.895 7.048-9.25 9.41-15.394zM14.32 24.874c4.767-1.526 14.735-2.974 15.152-1.407.824-3.157-13.72-.37-15.153 1.407zm5.28-5.043c2.31 3.237 9.816 7.498 9.788 3.82-.306 2.046-6.66-1.097-8.925-4.164-4.087-5.534-2.39-8.772-1.682-8.732.917.047 1.074 1.307.67 2.442-.173-1.406-.58-2.44-1.224-2.415-1.835.067-1.905 4.46 1.37 9.065z" fill="#f91d0a"></path></svg><span class="anchor-text" style="border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: border-bottom-color 0.3s ease 0s;">Download PDF</span></a><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0003846462&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sectoral%20patterns%20of%20technical%20change%3A%20towards%20a%20taxonomy%20and%20a%20theory&publication_year=1984&author=K.%20Pavitt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib62" id="ref-id-bib62" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Peine, 2006a</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A. 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Winch<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zephyrs of creative destruction: understanding the management of innovation in construction</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Building Research and Information, 26 (1998), pp. 268-279</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="u-margin-m-right u-display-inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 24px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><els-view-pdf-element class="failed" disabled="" doc-id="2-s2.0-0001722616" doc-type="scopus" state="loading" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></els-view-pdf-element></div><a class="link" href="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001722616&partnerID=10&rel=R3.0.0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">View Record in Scopus</a><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Zephyrs%20of%20creative%20destruction%3A%20understanding%20the%20management%20of%20innovation%20in%20construction&publication_year=1998&author=D.%20Winch" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd><dt class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;"><a data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307002442?casa_token=YN1PNejQCFsAAAAA:KNfuqfoccPJnbXH2gDRO-XN8dZw-cDvJBxlesbkZPiWkWBQ9TvQ6M5Pwz_HoYJwzSBrBg78dOuYw#bbib84" id="ref-id-bib84" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">Yin, 1993</a></dt><dd class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px 48px; padding: 0px;"><div class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">R.K. Yin<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Applications of Case Study Research</span></div></div><div class="host" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sage Publishing, Beverly Hills (1993)</div><div class="ReferenceLinks u-font-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Applications%20of%20Case%20Study%20Research&publication_year=1993&author=R.K.%20Yin" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></div></dd></dl></section></section>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-14993794503926499472022-07-09T23:41:00.007-07:002022-07-09T23:48:52.678-07:00重讀經典系列:Dosi, 1982: Technological paradigms and technological trajectories<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;"><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1;"><h1 style="text-align: center;">Technological paradigms and technological trajectories<br />A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change</h1><div style="text-align: center;">GIOVANNI DOSI *</div><p align="center" class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 20pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton <span class="SpellE">U.K</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 5pt; line-height: 18px;">* Previously at the Sussex European Research Centre. I am grateful to R. Nelson, W. Walker, D. Jones, M. <span class="SpellE">Salvati</span>, A. <span class="SpellE">Merin</span>, L. <span class="SpellE">Bucciarelli</span> and two anonymous referees for their comments and criticisms on previous drafts. The responsibility for this draft is obviously mine. A version of this research, more focussed on the effects of technical change upon long-run patterns of growth, is appearing in C. Freeman (ed.), <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Technical Innovation and Long Waves in World Economic Development</span></span>, IPC Press, Guildford, 1982 (forthcoming).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 5pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 5pt; line-height: 18px;">Research Policy 11 (1982) 147-162 North-Holland Publishing Company</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 5pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="2Exact"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5pt; line-height: 18px;">0048-7333/82/0000-0000/<span class="SpellE">S02.75</span> © 1982 North-Holland</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 20pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">The procedures and the nature of</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">“technologies” are suggested to be broadly similar to those which characterize “science”. In particular, there appear to be “technological paradigms” (or research programmes) performing a similar role to “scientific paradigms” (or research programmes). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">The model tries to account for both continuous changes and discontinuities in technological innovation.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> Continuous changes are often related to progress along a technological trajectory defined by a technological paradigm, while discontinuities are associated with the emergence of a new paradigm. One-directional explanations of the innovative process, and in particular those assuming “the market” as the prime mover, are inadequate to explain the emergence of new technological paradigms. <span class="GramE">The origin of the latter stems from the interplay between scientific advances, economic factors, institutional variables, and unsolved difficulties on established technological paths.</span> The model tries to establish a sufficiently general framework which accounts for all these factors and to define the process of selection of new technological paradigms among a greater set of notionally possible ones.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 20pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">The history of a technology is contextual to the history of the industrial structures associated with that technology. The emergence of a new paradigm is often related to new “Schumpeterian” companies, while its establishment often shows also a process of oligopolistic stabilization.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span><b style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Introduction</span></b></p></div><div class="WordSection2" style="page: WordSection2;"><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The strict relationship between economic growth and change, on the one hand, and technical progress on the other is a rather evident and well recognized “fact” in economic thought. The nature of the relationship between the two, however, has been a much more controversial issue of economic theory. The theoretical problem concerns the direction of causal relationship, the degree of independence of technical change vis-a-vis endogenous market mechanisms - both in the short and long run, - the role played by institutional factors, the determinants of the- “rate and direction” of innovative activity. Theories of technical change have generally been classified into two broad categories, namely “demand-pull” and “technology-push” theories. The distinction is self-explanatory and relates to the degree of autonomy of the innovative activity from short-run changes in the economic environment. Section 2 of this paper will attempt a brief critical review of the main difficulties of both approaches and in particular of demand-pull theories. We will try to show that these latter interpretations present a rather crude conception of technical change, as an essentially reactive mechanism, based on a “black box” of readily available technological possibilities. Moreover this conception contradicts substantial pieces of empirical evidence. On the other hand, extreme forms of technology-push approaches, allowing for a one-way causal determination (from science to technology to the economy) fail to take into account the intuitive importance of economic factors in shaping the direction of technical change.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Section 3 will attempt an interpretation of the process of innovative activity, suggesting that there</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">are strong similarities between the nature and the procedures of “science” - as defined by modem epistemology - and those of “technology”. The parallel is still rather impressionistic, but leads to the definition of technological paradigms (or technological research programmes) with many features in common with scientific paradigms (or scientific research programmes).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We shall define a “technological paradigm” broadly in accordance with the epistemological definition as an “outlook”, a set of procedures, a definition of the “relevant” problems and of the specific knowledge related to their solution. We shall argue also that each “technological paradigm” defines its own concept of “progress” based on its specific technological and economic trade-offs. Then, we will call a “technological trajectory” the direction of advance <span class="SpellE">witin</span> a technological paradigm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Moreover, we shall <span class="SpellE">analyze</span> the role played by economic and institutional factors in the selection and establishment of those technological paradigms and the interplay between endogenous economic mechanisms and technological innovations, once a “technological paradigm” has been established.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Section 4 will consider some implications of the model with respect to industrial structures. In particular, we shall try to translate the logical distinction between the process of search for new technological patterns and their establishment into an historical distinction, along the development of an industry, between a “Schumpeterian” phase of emergence of that industry and its “maturity”. We do not provide in this work any empirical backing (or very little). An application of the model to the semiconductor industry can be found in another work by the author [7]. Even that cannot be considered an adequate test of its interpretative capability which should be tried upon different technologies and longer time spans. The conclusions in section 5 suggest some of the possible directions of inquiry, together with some implications in terms of economic theory and of public policies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">This paper does not aspire to provide a “general theory” of technical change. It simply attempts to focus on questions like “why did certain technological developments emerge instead of others?” “Are there regularities in the process of generation of new technologies and in technical progress thereafter?” “Is there any regularity in the functional relationship between the vast <span class="GramE">number</span> of economic, social, institutional, scientific factors which are likely to influence the innovative process?” Our answers to these questions are necessarily tentative. In some ways our model could be considered in itself as an “outlook”, an interpretative grid, focussing on questions often neglected by orthodox economic theory which is mainly concerned with questions of instantaneous adjustments instead of problems of long-run transformation of the economic and institutional </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 9pt 0cm 12pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>A critical review of the theories of technical change</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Although everyone recognises, that there can be - and generally are - different and contextual origins of inventive activity, in the economic literature there has been a substantial effort to define the common elements among a wide range of inventions and/or innovations,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> together with the search for some kind of “prime mover” of inventive activity. In the literature on the subject, one used to define two different basic approaches, the first pointing to market forces as the main determinants of technical change (“demand-pull” theories) and the second defining technology as an autonomous or quasi-autonomous factor, at least in the short run (“technology-push” theories). Such a clear-cut distinction is of course hard to make in practise but remains useful for the sake of exposition: there is indeed a fundamental distinction between the two approaches and that is the role attributed to market signals in directing innovative activity and technical changes. It seems to us that this distinction (the role attributed to market signals), although overlapping a great deal with the distinction “demand-pull” versus “technology- push” theories, is indeed the main core of the discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Let us consider first a “pure</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> demand-pull theory. As discussed exhaustively in a comprehensive critical paper by Rosenberg and Mowery [31], the causal prime mover in those theories is some supposed “recognition of needs” by the productive units in the market, to which follows their attempts to fulfil those needs through their technological efforts. This “pure” market-pull theory would run more or less as follows (both causally and chronologically). (1) There exists a 'set of consumption and intermediate goods, at a given time, on the market, satisfying different “needs” by the purchasers. In passing, one must notice - as we shall recall below - that the same definition of “needs” is quite ambiguous: at the one extreme one may define them in very general “anthropological” terms (the needs to eat, have shelter, communicate, etc.) but then they express a total indifference to the way they are satisfied and do not have any economic relevance; or, at the other extreme, “needs” are expressed in relation to the specific means of their satisfaction, but then each “need” cannot emerge before the basic invention to which it is related.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> (2) Consumers (or users) express their preferences about the features of the goods they desire (i.e. the features that fulfil their <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">needs</span></span> the most) through their patterns of demand. This is another way of saying that demand functions are determined by the existence and the forms of utility functions. We may assume now that pattern of demand change (i.e. that the demand function shifts upward or downward) or just that - which is basically the same - in a growing economy, given the relative prices of the considered commodities, the income <span class="SpellE">elasticities</span> of demand of the latter are different. (3) The theory would argue that, with a growing income relaxing the budget constraint of the consumers/users, the latter demand proportionally more of the goods which embodied some relatively preferred characteristics (i.e. those which more adequately satisfy their needs). (4) At this point the producers enter into the picture, realising - through the movements in demand and prices - the revealed needs of the consumers/users: some “utility dimensions” have a higher weight (there is more <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">need</span></span> for them). (5) Here the proper innovative process begins, and the successful firms will at the end bring to the market their new/improved goods, letting again the “market” (as above defined) <span class="GramE">monitor</span> their increased capability to fulfil consumers’ needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Of course not even the most extremist “demand -pull” theorist would support entirely this crude view.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The basic argument however maintains that there <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">generally exist</span></span> a <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">possibility</span></span> of <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">knowing a priori </span></span>(before the invention process takes place) the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">direction</span></span> in which the market is “pulling” the inventive activity of producers and furthermore that an important part of the “signalling process” operates through movements in relative prices and quantities. Thus, in this perspective, the innovative process can be placed - although with consistent difficulties - inside the neo-classical framework.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><sup> </sup>With respect to producers, this viewpoint implies that the “choice sets are given and the outcomes of any choice known”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> The assumption of “known outcomes” could perhaps be relaxed to introduce risk and stochastic variables, but the first assumption has to be maintained (given and finite sets of choices).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The viewpoints outlines above might be criticised on different levels, namely: (1) the general theory of prices as determined by supply and demand functions; (2) the difficulties of defining demand functions as determined by utility functions and the same feasibility of a “utility” concept; and (3) the logical and practical difficulties in interpreting the innovative process through this approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The first question is undoubtedly the biggest one because it could undermine the entire theory</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">on which this approach is based upon. This is not the place though to deal with that issue<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></sup></sup></a> and the discussion will be restricted to the third point.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">With respect to this more circumscribed question, some significant problems throw doubts on the entire adequacy of demand-based theories of innovations. (1) A theory of innovation is supposed to explain not only (and not even primarily) “incremental” technical progress on the existing products/processes, but first of all it is meant to interpret major and minor technological breakthroughs. As far as the latter are concerned the range of “potential needs” is nearly infinite and it is difficult to argue that these would-be demands can explain why, in a definite point in time, an invention/innovation occurs (see Rosenberg [30] and Rosenberg and Mowery [31).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> (2) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Even after allowing <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">a priori</span></span> recognition of a “need”, it is difficult to explain with this approach what happens between that recognition by producers and the final outcome of a new product. Either we have to assume a set of technological possibilities already in existence (but then we must wonder why those possibilities have not been exploited before<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></sup></sup></a>) or we must assume a limited time lag between research and the outcomes of that research. The concept of technology (and, at least indirectly, of science) underlying this approach is of a very versatile and “responsive” mechanism which can be directed with limited effort and cost in one direction or another. To avoid a crude conception of technology as a “freely available <span class="SpellE">blackbox</span>”, there have been some efforts in the theory to consider information as an expensive commodity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></sup></sup></a> Those attempts, while representing a big advance in that they account for the microeconomic aspects of technological efforts (which have a cost and an expected return for each single firm) and also in that they somehow account for the interrelation science-technology-production, do not seem to be able to consider the entire complexity of scientific and technological procedures.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">To summarize, there appear to be three basic weaknesses in “strong” versions of demand-pull approaches: first, a concept of passive and mechanical “reactiveness” of technological changes vis-a- vis market conditions; second, the incapability of defining the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">why</span></span> and <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">when</span></span> of certain technological developments instead of others and of a certain timing instead of others; third, the neglect of changes over time in the inventive capability which do not bear any <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">direct</span></span> relationship with changing market conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The theoretical ambiguities of demand-pull theories seem inevitably reflected in the empirical studies on the determinants of innovation (critically reviewed in Rosenberg and Mowery [31]). Not surprisingly, most of the studies find that “market is important in determining successful innovations”. I find myself in agreement with Rosenberg and Mowery though, in that most of the studies with a demand-pull approach fail to produce sufficient evidence that “needs expressed through market signalling” are the prime movers of innovative activity (see [31]). And this is precisely the question at stake. Other important empirical works on the contrary point to <span class="SpellE">multivariables</span> explanations of innovative activity<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a> and</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">to the role of science and technology in fostering innovation along a path-leading from initial scientific advances to the final innovative product/process. <a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">On a more general level, an analysis of the technology and generally “supply-side” factors of innovative process can be found in Freeman [12], <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> and Wald [28] and <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> and <span class="SpellE">Soete</span> [29],<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a><sup> </sup><span class="GramE">Some</span> aspects of the innovative process can, in our view, be considered rather established. Among them:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(1) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The increasing role (at least in this century) of scientific inputs in the innovative process.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(2) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The increased complexity of R&D activities which makes the innovative process a matter of long-run planning for the firms (and not only for them) and witnesses against an hypothesis of prompt innovative answer by producers vis-a-vis changes in market conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(3) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">A significant correlation between R&D efforts (as proxy of the inputs in the innovative process) and innovative output (as measured by patent activity) in several industrial sectors<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a> and the absence, in <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">cross-country</span></span> comparisons, of evident correlations between market and demand patterns on the one hand, and innovative output, on the other.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(4) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The intrinsically <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">uncertain</span></span> nature of the inventive activity which plays against <span class="GramE">an</span> hypothesis of limited and known sets of choices and outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The difficulties incurred by strong versions of “technology-push” theories are in some respects opposite to those discussed above: there, it was the difficulty to take into account the complexity, the relative autonomy and the uncertainty associated with technological change and innovation. Here, the problem arises in relation to the obvious fact that “economic factors are important indeed” in shaping the direction of the innovative process. The process of growth and economic change, variations in distributive shares and in relative prices are all affecting the direction of the innovative activity and one feels quite uneasy in accepting a view of technical progress - paraphrasing Joan Robinson - as “given by God, scientists and engineers”. The main theoretical task with respect to supply-side approaches is the avoidance of a one- directional conception “science-technology- production” in which the first would represent a sort of exogenous and neutral <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">deus</span></span></span><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">-ex-<span class="SpellE">machina</span>. </span></span>One realises that, in actual fact, there is a complex structure of feed-backs between the economic environment and the directions of technological changes. A tentative theory of technical change should define - in a form as general as possible - the nature of these inter-active mechanisms. In different ways demand-pull and technology-push theories appear to fail to do so. In the former, technical change and innovation are a basically <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">reactive</span></span> mechanism which certainly shows some consistency with the traditional assumptions of neo-classical economics (consumer sovereignty, optimising behaviours, general equilibrium, etc.) but presents also unavoidable logical and empirical difficulties. On the other hand, if supply-side factors manifest some independence - at least in the short-run - from market changes, it must be possible to show how they are affected in the long run by the economic transformation.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">A proposed interpretation: Technological paradigms and technological trajectories<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Economic theory usually represents <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">technology </span></span>as a given set of factors’ combination, defined (qualitatively and quantitatively) in relation to certain outputs. Technical progress is generally defined in terms of a moving production possibilities curve, and/or in terms of the increasing number of <span class="SpellE">producable</span> goods. The definition we suggest here is, on the contrary, much broader. Let us define technology as a set of pieces of knowledge, both directly “practical” (related to concrete problems and devices) and “theoretical” (but practically applicable although not necessarily already applied), know-how, methods, procedures, experience of successes and failures and also, of course, physical devices and equipment. Existing physical devices embody - so to speak - the achievements in the development of a' technology in a defined problem-solving activity. At the same time, a “disembodied” part of the technology consists of particular expertise, experience of past attempts and past technological solutions, together with the knowledge and the achievements of the “state of the art”. Technology, in this view, includes the “perception” of a limited set of possible technological alternatives and of notional future developments. This definition of technology is very impressionistic, but it seems useful to explore the patterns of technical change. One can see that the conceptual distance between this definition and the attributes of “science” - as suggested by modern epistemology - is not so great.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We shall push the parallel further and suggest that, in analogy with scientific paradigms (or scientific research programmes)<span class="GramE">,</span> there are “technological paradigms” (or technological research programmes).<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[14]</span></sup></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">A “scientific paradigm” could be approximately defined as an “outlook” which defines the relevant problems, a “model” and a “pattern” of inquiry.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">“The success of a paradigm ... is at the start largely a promise of success discoverable in selected and still incomplete examples. Normal science consists in the actualization of that promise, an actualization achieved by extending the knowledge of those facts that the paradigm displays as particularly revealing, by increasing the extent of match between those facts and the paradigm’s predictions, and by further articulation of the paradigm itself’ (Kuhn [14], pp. 23-41).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">In broad analogy with the <span class="SpellE">Kuhnian</span> definition of a “scientific paradigm”, we shall define a “technological paradigm” as “model” and a “pattern” of solution of <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">selected</span></span> technological problems, based on <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">selected</span></span> principles derived from natural sciences and on <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">selected</span></span> material technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">First of all, the similarities relate to the mechanism and procedures of “science”, on the one hand, and those of technology, on the other.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a> As a scientific paradigm determines the field of enquiry, the problems, the procedures and the tasks (the “puzzles”, in Kuhn’s words), so does “technology” in the sense defined above (it would perhaps be better to talk of “cluster of technologies”, e.g. nuclear technologies, semiconductor technologies, organic chemistry technologies, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">As “normal science” is the “actualization of a promise” contained in a scientific paradigm, so is “technical progress” defined by a certain “technological paradigm</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">”</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> We will define a <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">technological trajectory</span></span> as the pattern of “normal” problem solving activity (i.e. of “progress”) on the ground of a technological paradigm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">More precisely, if the hypothesis of technological paradigm is to be of some use, one must be able to assess also in the field of technology the existence of something similar to a “positive heuristic” and a “negative heuristic”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a> In other words a technological paradigm (or research programme)<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[17]</span></span></span></a> embodies strong prescriptions on the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">directions</span></span> of technical change to pursue and those to neglect. Given some generic technological tasks (one could call them generic “needs”) such as, for example, those of transporting commodities and passengers, producing chemical compounds with certain properties or switching and amplifying electrical signals, certain specific technologies emerged, with their own “solutions” to those problems and the exclusion of other notionally possible ones: in our three examples, historically these</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">technologies were the internal combustion engine, petrochemical processes and semiconductors, respectively. Technological paradigms have a powerful <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">exclusion effect,</span></span> the efforts and the technological imagination of engineers and of the organizations they are in are focussed in rather precise directions while they are, so to speak, “blind” with respect to other technological possibilities. At the same time, technological paradigms define also some idea of “progress”. Again in analogy with science, this can hardly be an absolute measure but has some precise meaning within a certain technology. The identification of a technological paradigm relates to generic tasks to which it is applied (e.g. amplifying and switching electrical signals), to the material technology it selects (e.g. semiconductors and more specifically silicon), to the physical/chemical properties it exploits (e.g. the “transistor effect” and “field effect” of semiconductor materials), to the technological and economic dimensions and trade-offs it focusses upon (e.g. density of the circuits, speed, noise-immunity, dispersion, frequency range, unit costs, etc.). Once given these technological and economic dimensions, it is also possible to obtain, broadly speaking, an idea of “progress” as the improvement of the trade-offs related to those dimensions.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The broad analogy between “science” and “technology” we have been drawing should clearly not be taken as an identity. In addition to the obvious difference related to the different nature of the “problem solving” activity, technological “knowledge” is much less well articulated than is scientific knowledge; much of it is not written down and is implicit in “experience”, skills, etc. This implies also that the definition of a “technological paradigm” is bound to be much looser while the distinction between “normal activity” and “problem-shifts” is likely to be hard to make in practice. The same idea of a “technological paradigm” should be taken as an approximation, adequate in some cases but less so in others. In our view, however, the analogy keeps its validity in that both (“scientific” and “technological”) activities represent strongly selective <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">gestalten</span></span></span> embodying powerful heuristics.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">A crucial question relates to how an established technological paradigm emerged in the first place and how it was “preferred” to other possible ones. Let us consider “downward” the sequence science-technology-production, remembering that it is meant to be just a <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">logical</span></span> simplification which neglects the crucial long-run influence of the economic and technological environments upon science itself.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Even within “science”, the problems and the “puzzles” <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">actually</span></span> tackled (and those solved) are of course much more limited in number than the total number of problems and puzzles that the scientific theories potentially allow, and even more so the pieces of theory, puzzles, possibilities of development, “passed-on” from scientific theory to “applied science” and to technology (the last two, at least, being significantly overlapping). Leaving aside temporarily the problems of feedbacks, the hypothesis is that along the stream science-technology- production, the “economic forces” (that I will define below) together with institutional and social factors, operate as a <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">selective device</span></span> (the “focussing device” of Rosenberg [30]). Within a large set of <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">possibilities</span></span> of directions of development, notionally allowed by “science”, a first level of selection (at least in the overwhelming majority of research activity in the enterprise sector) operates on the basis of rather general questions like: “Is any practical application conceivable?”; “Is there some possibility of the hypothesised application being marketable?”, etc. Along the down-stream from “Big Science” to production (on a path which is much easier to conceive as a continuum instead of a strictly defined discrete set of steps), the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">determinateness</span></span> of the selection increases: at one end we have the “puzzle-solving activity” (Kuhn [14]) defined by scientific paradigms <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">stricto</span></span></span><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;"> <span class="SpellE">sensu</span>\</span></span> at the other end we have a technology totally embodied in devices and equipment. In between, in a field that we must already call technology because it is specifically (“economically”) finalised, the activities aimed at “technical progress” have still many procedures and features similar to “science”, namely the problem solving activity along lines defined by the nature of the paradigm. The economic criteria acting as selectors define more and more precisely the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">actual </span></span>paths followed inside a much bigger set of possible ones.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">On the other hand, once a path has been selected and established, it shows a momentum of its own (Nelson and Winter [24], Rosenberg [30]), which contributes to define the directions toward which the “problem solving activity” moves: those are what Nelson and Winter [25] define as <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">natural trajectories</span></span> of technical progress<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[18]</span></span></span></a>. A technological trajectory, i.e. to repeat, the “normal” problem solving activity determined by a paradigm, can be represented by the movement of multi-dimensional trade-offs among the technological variables which the paradigm defines as relevant. Progress can be defined as the improvement of <span class="GramE">these trade-</span>offs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[19]</span></span></span></a><sup> </sup>One could thus imagine the trajectory as a “cylinder” in the multidimensional space defined by these technological and economic variables. (Thus, a technological trajectory is a cluster of possible technological directions whose outer boundaries are defined by the nature of the paradigm itself). Some features of these technological trajectories, defined on the basis of technological paradigms are worth considering:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">There might be more general or more circumscribed as well as more powerful or less powerful<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[20]</span></span></span></a> “trajectories”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">There generally are <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">complementarities</span></span> among trajectories (i.e., out of the metaphor, there are</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">strong complementarities between different forms of knowledge, experience, skills, etc.) (<span class="GramE">see</span> Rosenberg [30 and 48]). Furthermore developments or lack of development in one technology might foster or prevent developments in other technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">In terms of our model one can define as the “technological frontier” the highest level reached upon a technological path with respect to the relevant technological and economic dimensions.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[21]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">“Progress” upon a technological trajectory is likely to retain some cumulative features: the probability of future advances is in this case related also to the position that one (a firm or a country) already occupies vis-a-vis the existing technological frontier. This is strictly consistent with Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter’s</span> representation of technical progress at firm and industry levels, with <span class="SpellE">Markovian</span> chains. (Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter</span> [24]).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Especially when a trajectory is very “powerful”, it might be difficult to switch from one trajectory to an alternative one. Moreover, when some comparability is possible between the two (i.e. when they have some “dimensions’’ in common), the frontier on the alternative (“new”) trajectory might be far behind that on the old one with respect to some or all the common dimensions. In other words, whenever the technological paradigm changes, one has got to start (almost) from the beginning in the problem-solving activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">It is doubtful whether it is possible <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">a priori </span></span>to compare and assess the superiority of one technological path over another. There might indeed be some objective criteria, once chosen some indicators, but only <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex post</span></span>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[22]</span></span></span></a> This is one of the reasons behind the intimate uncertain nature of</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">research activity (even leaving aside the market evaluations of the results, but just considering purely technological indicators).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The role of economic, institutional and social factors must be considered in greater detail. A first crucial role - as already mentioned - is the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">selection</span></span> operated at each level, from research to production-related technological efforts, among the possible, “paths”, on the ground of some rather obvious and broad criteria such as feasibility, marketability and profitability.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">On these very general grounds, there might still be many possible technological paradigms that could be chosen. Given the intrinsic uncertainty associated with their outcomes, in terms of both technological and economic success, it is hardly possible to compare and rank them <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex ante</span></span>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[23]</span></sup></sup></a><sup> </sup>Other more specific variables are likely to come into play such as (1) the economic interests of the organizations involved in R&D in these new technological areas, (2) their technological history, the fields of their expertise, <span class="SpellE">etc</span>; (3) institutional variables <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">stricto</span></span></span><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;"> <span class="SpellE">sensu</span></span></span> such as public agencies, the military, etc. All these factors are likely to operate as focussing forces upon defined directions of technological development. In particular one must stress the role often played in the establishment of a particular technological trajectory by public (“political”) forces. An obvious example is electronics, especially in the fields of semiconductors and computers during the first two decades of the post-war period. Military and space programmes operated then as a powerful focussing mechanism toward defined technological targets, while at the same time providing financial support to R&D and guaranteeing public procurement.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[24]</span></sup></sup></a> Other similar cases can be found throughout the modem history of technology: for example, the emergence of synthetic chemistry in Germany bears a close relationship with the “political” drive of that country towards self-sufficiency in the post- Bismarck period (see Freeman [12] and Walsh et al. [46]).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">These kinds of institutional effects upon the emergence of new technologies are not a general rule: the point we want to stress, however, is the general weakness of market mechanisms in the <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex ante</span></span></span> selection of technological directions especially at the initial stage of the history of an industry. This is, incidentally, one of the reasons that <span class="GramE">militates</span> for the existence of “bridging institutions” between “pure” science and applied R&D.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[25]</span></span></span></a>. Even when a significant “institutional focussing” occurs, there are likely to be different technological possibilities, an uncertain process of search, with different organizations, firms and individuals “betting” on different technological solutions. Proceeding in our parallel with epistemology, this resembles a world <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">a la</span></span> <span class="SpellE">Feyerabend</span> [11] with different competing technological paradigms: competition does not only occur between the “new” technology and the “old” one which it tends to substitute but also among alternative “new” technological approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We did not say very much about <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">positive ex ante</span></span> criteria of selection among potential technological paradigms apart from rather general ones such as marketability or potential profitability. Another powerful selecting criterion in capitalist economies is likely to be the cost saving capability of the new technology and in particular <span class="GramE">its</span> labour saving potential: this is obviously consistent with Nelson and Winter’s suggestion of “natural trajectories” toward mechanisation and exploitation of economies of scale. Certainly in societies where industrial conflict and conflict over income distribution are structural features, substitution of machines for labour must be a powerful determinant in the search process for new technologies.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[26]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">More generally, the patterns of industrial and social conflict are likely to operate, within the process of selection of new technological paradigms, both as negative criteria (which possible developments to exclude) and as positive criteria (which technologies to select). In this respect, one might be able to define some long-run relationship between patterns of social development and actually chosen technological paradigms (one quite clear example could be the relationship between industrial relations at the turn of the last century and the selection and development of “<span class="SpellE">tayloristic</span>”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">patterns of technical change in mechanical engineering).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Let us consider the final stage of this logical sequence from science to production, when - in cases of product innovations - a commodity is produced and sold: at this final stage markets operate again as the selective environment.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[27]</span></span></span></a> It must be noted that this “final selection” has a different nature from the previous stages. In the choices of the technological paths some kinds of economic indicators were operating as <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">a priori </span></span>directing devices among a big number of possible and wide technological choices. Here the market operates <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex post</span></span> as a selecting device, generally among a range of products already determined by the broad technology patterns chosen <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">on the supply side.</span></span> To further clarify the distinction, R. Nelson suggested in his comments on a previous draft of this paper, a biological analogy. The final market selection may be equated to the environmental selection on mutations (Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter</span> models describe mainly tins “evolutionary” mechanism within the economic environment). The discussion above relates, on the contrary, to the selection of the “mutation generating” mechanisms. Thus economic and social environment affects technological development in two ways, first selecting the “direction of mutation” (i.e. selecting the technological paradigm) and then selecting among mutations, in a more <span class="SpellE">darwinian</span> manner (i.e. the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex post </span></span>selection among “Schumpeterian” trials and errors). At times when new technologies are emerging, one can often observe new (“Schumpeterian”) companies trying to exploit different technological innovations. Markets perform as a system of rewards and penalizations, thus checking and selecting amongst different alternatives. In this respect, the existence of a multiplicity of risk-taking actors, in non-planned economies, is crucial to the trial- and-error procedures associated with the search for new technological paths. These “actors” take risks, of course, because there are markets which allow high rewards (i.e. profits) in case of commercial success.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Incidentally, one should note that if our interpretation of the process of technical change is correct, the emergence of new technological paradigms is <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">contextual</span></span> to the explicit emergence of economically defined “needs”. In other words, the supply-side determines, so to speak, the “universe”</span><span class="255pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">of possible modalities through which generic “needs” or productive requirements (which as such do not have any direct economic significance) are satisfied. (In this, one can see the element of truth contained in those sociologically-based theories suggesting needs “induced” by corporate strategies).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Changing economic conditions clearly interact with the process of selection of new technologies, with their development and finally with their obsolescence and substitution. One has therefore to <span class="SpellE">analyze</span> the feed-back mechanisms, “upward”, from the economic environment to the technology (one should also consider the long-run influence of economic and technological factors upon scientific change: this is however well beyond the scope of this article). Changing relative prices and distributive share are bound to affect demand for the various commodities and the relative <span class="SpellE">profitabilities</span> in manufacturing them. Producers certainly react to these signals from the economic environment, trying to respond through technical advances. However, this often occurs within the boundaries of a given technological trajectory, which might either be conducive or place increasing constraints to any development consistent with the “signals” the economic environment is delivering.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> Difficulties and unsolved technological puzzles and problems, to use again the <span class="SpellE">Kuhnian</span> language, operate upward as focussing devices, sometimes put pressure on other technological fields to go further in their problem solving, and finally facilitate or hinder the switch to other technological trajectories. It must be stressed, however, that unsolved technological difficulties do not automatically imply a change to another “path”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[29]</span></span></span></a> Of course, changes in market conditions and opportunities (among which changes in demand patterns, in relative distributive shares, in costs of production, etc. are very important) continuously bring pressures “upward”, at various levels, upon technological trajectories, and upon the same selection criteria on the basis of which those trajectories are chosen. But this fact does not imply by</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">any means an assumption of malleable “ready-to- use” alternative technological paths, or, even more so, instantaneous technological responses to changes in market conditions. Furthermore an implicit consequence of what was just said is that the “upward” impact of changing economic conditions on technological research patterns seems directly proportional to the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">technological determinateness</span></span> of the economic stimuli themselves.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[30]</span></sup></sup></a> So one would generally expect this determinateness to increase as one <span class="GramE">moves</span> from consumers’ goods to investment goods and to other kinds of non- properly-market goods (such as military equipment).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Note that changes in the economic environment are a permanent feature of the system: those changes often simply stimulate technical progress (as defined above) <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">along</span></span> one technological trajectory. Again in parallel with epistemology we can call it the “normal” technological activity. “Extraordinary” technological attempts (related to the search for new technological directions) emerge either in relation to new opportunities opened-up by scientific developments or to the increasing difficulty in going forward on a given technological direction (for technological or economic reasons or both).<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[31]</span></sup></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Technical change and industrial structures: From a Schumpeterian phase to industrial maturity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We tried above to make a logical distinction between the process of search and selection on new technological paradigms and technical progress along a defined path. New technologies are selected through a complex interaction between some fundamental economic factors (search for new profit opportunities and for new markets, tendency toward cost saving and automation, etc.), together with powerful institutional factors (the interests and the structure of the existing firms, the effects of government agencies, etc.). Technical change along established technological paths, on the contrary, becomes more endogenous to the “normal” economic mechanism. This distinction between two technological phases is likely to correspond historically to two different sets of features of an industry, related to its emergence and its maturity. In the phase of economic <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">trial and error,</span></span> primary importance must be attributed to</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> (1) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">institutions</span></span> which produce and direct the accumulation of knowledge, experience, etc., and</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> (2) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">the existence of a multiplicity of risk-taking actors, ready to try different technical and commercial solutions. The “<span class="SpellE">schumpeterian</span>” features properly refer to this second aspect.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[32]</span></span></span></a> Note that breakthroughs and innovations, in this phase, need not be developed by those <span class="SpellE">schumpeterian</span> companies themselves. There is <span class="GramE">evidence,</span> on the contrary, that often in this century the production of major technological advances has been the result of organized R&D efforts as opposed to the “inventiveness” of individuals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[33]</span></span></span></a> What matters are the attempts (either by new companies or old ones), in the first phase, to implement and commercially exploit “extraordinary technology”, driven by the search for new profit and market opportunities. Often this period of emergence of new technologies is actually characterized by newly emerging firms, even in cases when the major technological advances were originally produced in established firms and institutions (semiconductors for example).<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[34]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">In the second phase, which may often correspond to an <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">oligopolistic maturity,</span></span> the production, exploitation and commercial diffusion of innovations are much less divorced and technical change often becomes itself part of the pattern of “oligopolistic competition”. The more a fundamental technological pattern becomes established, the more the mechanism of generation of innovations</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">and of technological advances appears to become endogenous to the “normal” economic mechanism. In this respect, the possibility of enjoying temporary monopolistic (and long-run oligopolistic) positions on new products arid processes appears to act as a powerful incentive to the innovative activity, improvement of existing products, etc. The perspective differential advantages accruing to successful technological and market leaders, in my view, are likely to influence and stimulate the process of innovation much more than the <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex ante</span></span></span><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;"> </span></span>market structure as such.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[35]</span></span></span></a> The process of innovation itself is, of course, bound to affect the industrial structure and shape its transformation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The establishment of a defined technological paradigm is likely to be <span class="SpellE">parallelled</span> by a process of “internalization” within companies of the so-called “externalities” related to the innovative activity, capitalizing on the previous experience of attempts, successes and failures, etc.: within an established technological paradigm the fluid market structure characterized by the “heroic entrepreneurship” often described in the literature on new industries is likely to disappear.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Both phases are likely to show some “oligopolistic power”,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[36]</span></sup></sup></a> although the sources of it differ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">significantly: whereas in the first one, oligopolistic positions mainly relate to <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">dynamic</span></span> economies (“learning curve”, etc.) and temporary asymmetries in relation to the capability of successfully innovating, in the second stage the origins of oligopolistic structures would relate not only to the technological progressiveness of firms but also to some <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">static</span></span> entry barriers (economies of scale, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Conclusions: Some theoretical and policy implications<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We should stress, first of all, the limitations of the suggested model: the analogy between science and technology is, in some respects, “impressionistic” and the parallel should not be pushed too far without reaching decreasing returns. This notwithstanding, the model might prove useful in interpreting some important questions related to the process of technical change. First, it can explain - in rather general terms - the role of <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">continuity</span></span> versus <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">discontinuity</span></span> in technical change. “Incremental” innovation versus “radical” innovations can be reinterpreted in terms of “normal” technical progress as opposed to new emerging technological paradigms. The distinction might still be in practice difficult to draw, but nonetheless can account for the conditions which</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">allow either “normal” progress or “extraordinary” innovative effort to take place. Second, it can throw some light on the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">procedures</span></span> through which technical change occurs. The search for new products or processes is never a random process on the entire set of notional technological opportunities. Paradigms are also an “outlook” which focusses the eye and the efforts of technologists and engineers in defined directions. (This, incidentally, might have interesting implications in terms of the sociology of the firms and it would be worth studying the origins and the backgrounds of “revolutionary” engineers as compared with “normal” ones).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Third, the idea of paradigms and trajectories can account for the often observable phenomenon of <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">cumulativeness</span></span> of technical advances (within an established trajectory). At the same time the intrinsic <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">uncertainty</span></span> associated with technological shifts can be clearly appreciated. The same idea of “technical progress’ might be rigorously defined within one technological path (as the improvements of the trade-offs between the technological and economic dimensions it embodies) but it might prove impossible to compare <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex ante</span></span> two different technological paradigms and even <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">ex post</span></span> there might be overwhelming difficulties in doing it on solely technological grounds.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[37]</span></sup></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">We tried to suggest some interacting mechanisms between technological factors and economic factors, the latter performing as selective criteria, as final (“market”) checking and as a continuous form of incentives, constraints and “feed-back” stimuli. The evidence on market-induced innovative activity (see <span class="SpellE">Schmookler</span> [37]) which survives a closer scrutiny of its empirical foundations<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[38]</span></sup></sup></a> may indeed be consistent with our model: economic growth and transformation of the economy involves a permanent re-allocation of resources as well as of research efforts among different sectors, and it is plausible to assume that a greater effort will be put into those areas which offer relatively higher growth and profit opportunities (although the two might not necessarily coincide). This process, however, relates much more to <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">normal</span></span> technology than to discontinuous technological advances. In other words: suppose there are two sectors, both defined by rather stable technological trajectories, which allow broadly similar possibilities of technological advance,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[39]</span></span></span></a> but one experiences higher rates of growth of demand than the other. It is plausible that a firm will put greater research efforts into the first rather than the second sector. Moreover, if there is some relationship between research input and innovative output, one may find a higher number of technical innovations (as measured, say, by patents) in the former sector. This induced effect, however, does <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">not</span></span> explain the emergence of significantly radical innovations, which is precisely what one tried to do above. This is not to say that the emergence of new technological paradigms is independent of the evolution and the changes in the social system (of which the economic structure is a crucial component). A reconstruction of the history of technology and history of science would almost certainly show die long-run influences of the evolution of the social and economic structure upon the emergence of new scientific and technological opportunities. Simply, what we want to stress is their relative autonomy vis-a-vis short-run adjustment and inducement mechanisms of the economic system (changes in prices, quantities, <span class="SpellE">profitabilities</span>, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Various hypotheses on the determinants and directions of technical changes have been proposed, during the past two decades, in a revived attention to the Schumpeterian <span class="SpellE">problematique</span> of the long-run relationship between technical change and economic growth (one should actually refer also to Marx as the other classical economist who focussed on the issue). It is worth mentioning these models and hypotheses, not only to acknowledge our theoretical debts, but also to discuss briefly the reciprocal consistency. We refer in particular to Freeman [18], Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter</span> [24- 26], Rosenberg [30], Abernathy and <span class="SpellE">Utterback</span> [1], <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span> [34 and 7]. In different ways, and with different analytical aims, one may consider these contributions as part of a painstaking attempt to construct a non-neoclassical theory of technical change capable of giving a satisfactory account of (1) the relationship between economic forces and the relatively autonomous momentum that technical progress appears to maintain, (2) the role of supply-side factors, (3) the role and effects of technical change in oligopolistic environments, (4) its relationship with company behaviour and organizational structures, (5) the relevance of non- market organizations and first of all of public institutions in shaping the patterns of technical change.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Broadly speaking, the interpretation of the procedures, progresses and shifts in the innovative process proposed here are, in my view, consistent with the approach of the above cited works, for what they have in common. Few features need mention. In particular, the continuity (and partial overlapping) between our hypothesis and Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter’s</span> models should be clear enough. The existence of technological paradigms, with the attributes one tried to describe, support the existence of “natural trajectories” of technical change suggested by Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter</span>. Their models focus primarily on the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">endogenous dynamics</span></span> of technical progress in oligopolistic environments (and differential innovative success is, in their simulations of the model, one of the main driving forces toward oligopolistic structures). Translated in the definitions used above, their model [24] gives us a fascinating (and rich in terms of firms’ behavioural variables) account of the transition to oligopolistic maturity and of the technology-based oligopolistic competition thereafter, upon a given technological path. On the other hand, the <span class="GramE">weakness of simple market mechanisms (together with the likely inadequacies of institutional intervention) in the innovative process are</span> discussed by Nelson in [27].<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Two incidental remarks related to economic theory: first, if technological paradigms and technological trajectories prove to be a general case in the modem history of technology, then it becomes more plausible to assume - in terms of “aggregate” technical progress in the economy as defined by input coefficients of production - one discrete (and limited) set of input combinations. Technical change should then be strictly associated with their movement “outward” (using the traditional representation of production functions) along something like a cone, rather than the movement along and of, a smooth curve. Second, this idea of technological paradigms and trajectories bear some relevance within the revived discussion concerning the existence and the determinants of <span class="SpellE">Kondratiefs</span> long-waves (see Clark, Freeman and <span class="SpellE">Soete</span> [6]). One of the variables affecting long-run cycles of capitalist development may be the <span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">establishment</span></span> of broad new technological trajectories, which could explain the “clustering” of groups of innovations and, even more important, the “clustering” in time of their economic impact.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">The innovative process - both in its “normal” procedures and in its “extraordinary” breakthroughs - is shaped by the interplay of economic and institutional factors. One can distinguish, however, the role of public policies related to the search for new technological paths, from that aimed at technological advances along a broadly defined technology. In the former case policies concern what one may call “the burden of the first comer”. Throughout the process of selection and emergence of new technologies, three crucial institutional factors appear to be crucial:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(1) the accumulation of knowledge in both “scientific” and “applied” forms (in this respect the existence of “bridging institutions” between proper “science” and technology is of the utmost importance (see Freeman [12]).); (2) forms of institutional intervention which allow “a hundred flowers to blossom and a hundred schools to compete” - both in terms of technological explorations and manufacturing attempts; (3) the selective and focussing effect induced by various forms of <span class="SpellE"><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;">stricto</span></span></span><span class="21"><span style="line-height: 22px;"> <span class="SpellE">sensu</span></span></span> non-economic interests (such as, for example, military technological requirements and procurement, specific energy saving programmes, the national drive toward self-sufficiency in a particular sector, etc.). One must notice that even when technological paths are well established, the above-mentioned variables may contribute to shape and determine the rate at which technical advances occur. Moreover, even at this stage when technical advances are in many ways endogenous to the economic dynamics, both the uncertainty related to the R&D process and the <span class="GramE">existence of untraded aspects of technical change do</span> not disappear. Under these circumstances even traditional economics suggest normatively some form of public intervention to correct what it calls “market failures” related to differences between social and private rates of return and between social and private discounts of risks, and to “externalities”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">A particularly interesting case refers to countries lagging behind vis-a-vis the technological frontier on a certain technology. If technical advances maintain their cumulative (although stochastic) nature, arid if oligopolistic structures tend to appropriate those technological leads, the process of technical change as such is not likely to yield to convergence between countries starting from different technological levels.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt;">[40]</span></sup></sup></a> Imitative technological policies in this case might not be sufficient and public intervention aimed at catching-up might have to affect trade flows, foreign investment, and the structure of the domestic industry (I discuss at some length those policies in Europe and Japan for electronics in [8]).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">I wish to make our final comment on the heuristic capability of this interpretation of the process of technical change and innovation. For our suggestion to prove useful, one should be able to</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> (1)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> identify with sufficient precision the “dimensions” which characterize each broad technological paradigm and differentiate it from others,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"> (2) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">separate the periods of “normal” technology from extraordinary search, (3) define the “difficult puzzles” and unsolved difficulties of a technology which are often a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for the search for other ones; (4) describe the transition from one technological path to another and assess the factors which allow the emergence of a “winning” technology. Probably this exercise will be possible in some instances and not in others.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Technological paradigms and <span class="GramE">trajectories,</span> are in some respects metaphors of the interplay between continuity and ruptures in the process of incorporation of knowledge and technology into industrial growth; the metaphor, however, should help to illuminate its various aspects and actors and to suggest a multi-variables approach to the theory of innovation and technical change.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 21px;">References<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[1]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">WJ</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">. Abernathy and <span class="SpellE">J.M</span>. <span class="SpellE">Utterback</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Innovation and the Evolution of the Firm,</span></span> Harvard University, <span class="SpellE">miraeo</span>, 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[2]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">K. Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, in <span class="SpellE">NBER</span> [23],<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[3]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">K. Arrow, The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Review of Economic Studies,</span></span> 1962.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[4]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">B. <span class="SpellE">Belassa</span> and R. Nelson (eds.), </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Economic Progress, Private Values and Public Policies: Essays in honour of William <span class="SpellE">Fellner</span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> (<span class="SpellE">Nonh</span>-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977).</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[5]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">A. <span class="SpellE">Bonfiglioli</span>, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Universal Science, Appropriate Technology and Underdevelopment: A Reprise of the Latin-American Case,</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">SPRU</span>, University of Sussex, mimeo, 1979.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[6]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">I. Clark, C. Freeman and L. <span class="SpellE">Soete</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Long Waves and Technological Developments in the 20th Century,</span></span> paper prepared for the Bochum Conference on <span class="SpellE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Wirtschafliche</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">Wechsellagen</span> und <span class="SpellE">Sozialer</span> <span class="SpellE">Wandel</span>,</span></span> <span class="SpellE">SPRU</span>, University of Sussex, mimeo, 1980.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[7]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">G. <span class="SpellE">Dosi</span>, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Institutional Factors and Market Mechanisms in the Innovative Process,</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">SERC</span>, University of Sussex, mimeo,</span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">1979.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[8]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">G. <span class="SpellE">Dosi</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Technical Change and Survival: Europe's Semiconductor Industry,</span></span> Sussex European Papers, University of Sussex, 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[9]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">G. <span class="SpellE">Dosi</span>, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Structure of the Industry and Pricing Policies - Some Theoretical Hypotheses and the Evidence from Semiconductor Industry,</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">SERC</span>, University of Sussex, mimeo,</span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">1980.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[10]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">G. <span class="SpellE">Dosi</span>, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Transmission Mechanisms of Technical Change, Adjustment Problems and Their International Implications, </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">SERC</span></span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">, University of Sussex, mimeo, 1981.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[11]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">P.K</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">. <span class="SpellE">Feyerabend</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Against Method</span></span> (New Left Books, London, 1975).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[12]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">C. Freeman, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Economics of Industrial Innovation </span></span>(Penguin, <span class="SpellE">Harmondsworth</span>, 1974).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[13]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. <span class="SpellE">Gilpin</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Technology, Economic Growth and International Competitiveness</span></span> (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1975).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[14]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">T. Kuhn, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Structure of Scientific Revolutions</span></span> (Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1962).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[15]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Illinois Institute of Technology, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Report on Project TRACES </span></span>(National Science Foundation, Washington, 1969).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[16]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">J. <span class="SpellE">Jewkes</span>, D. <span class="SpellE">Sawers</span> and R. <span class="SpellE">Stillerman</span>, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Sources of Invention</span></span> (Macmillan, London, 1958).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[17]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">I. <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span>, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes</span></span> (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[18]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. Levin, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Toward an Empirical Model of Schumpeterian Competition,</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> Yale University, mimeo; 1980.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[19]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">E. Mansfield, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Industrial Research and Technological Innovation</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> (Norton, New York, 1968).</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[20]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">J.P. Martino, Technological Forecasting - An Overview, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Management Science,</span></span> January, 1980.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[21]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">S. Meyers and <span class="SpellE">D.G</span>. Marquis, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Successful Industrial Innovation,</span></span> (National Science Foundation, Washington, 1969).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[22]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R.A. Musgrave and I. <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span> (eds.) <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Criticism and Growth</span></span></span><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span></span><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">of Knowledge</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[23]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">National Bureau and Economic Research, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity</span></span> (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1962).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[24]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. Nelson and S. Winter, Dynamic Competition and Technical Progress, in [4],<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[25]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. Nelson and S. Winter, In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Research Policy,</span></span> 6 (1977).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[26]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. Nelson and S. Winter, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The Schumpeterian Trade-offs Revisited,</span></span> Yale University, mimeo, 1980.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[27]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R, Nelson, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Balancing Market Failure and Government Inadequacy: The Case of Policy <span class="GramE">Toward</span> Industrial R&D, </span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Working Paper no. 840, Yale University, 1980.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[28]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">K. <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> and S. Wald, </span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">The</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> Conditions for Success in Technological Innovation,</span><span class="31"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> (OECD, Paris, 1971).</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[29]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">K. <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> and L. <span class="SpellE">Soete</span>, Innovative Activities and Export Shares: Some Comparisons between Industries and Countries, in K. <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> (ed.) <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance</span></span> (Macmillan, London, 1980).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[30]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">N. Rosenberg, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Perspectives on Technology</span></span> (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[31]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">N. Rosenberg and D. Mowery, <span class="GramE">The</span> Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of some Recent Empirical Studies, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Research Policy,</span></span> 8 (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[32]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">D. <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Recent Advances in a Theory of Technological Change</span></span> (International Institute of Management, Berlin, 1979).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[33]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">D. <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span>, On the Conception and Measurement of <span class="SpellE">Tradeoffs</span> in Engineering Systems, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Technological Forecasting and Social Change</span></span> (1974).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[34]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">D. <span class="SpellE">Saha</span>], <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Law-like Aspects of Technological Development </span></span>(International Institute of Management, Berlin, 1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[35]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">M. <span class="SpellE">Salvati</span>, <span class="SpellE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Monopolio</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">Sviluppo</span> e <span class="SpellE">Distribuzione</span></span></span> (<span class="SpellE">Edizioni</span> <span class="SpellE">dell’Ateneo</span>, Rome, 1971).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[36]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">Science Policy Research Unit (<span class="SpellE">SPRU</span>), <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Report on Project SAPPHO</span></span> (<span class="SpellE">SPRU</span>, University of Sussex, 1971).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[37]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">J. <span class="SpellE">Schmookler</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Invention and Economic Growth</span></span> (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1966).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[38]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">J. Schumpeter, <span class="SpellE">77ie</span> <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Theory of Economic Development</span></span> (OUP, New York, <span class="SpellE">1961Xfirst</span> ed. 1919).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[39]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">J. Schumpeter, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy </span></span>(Harpers, New York, 1947).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[40]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. <span class="SpellE">Shrieves</span>, Market Structure and Innovation: A New Perspective, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Journal of Industrial Economics,</span></span> June (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[41]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">L. <span class="SpellE">Soete</span>, Firm Size and Inventive Activity: The Evidence Reconsidered, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">European Economic Review,</span></span> 12 (1979).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[42]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">L. <span class="SpellE">Soete</span>, A Genera) Test of Technology Gap Theory, <span class="SpellE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Weltwirtschaftliches</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> <span class="SpellE">Archiv</span></span></span> (1981).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[43]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">N. <span class="SpellE">Terleckyj</span>, <span class="GramE"><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">The</span></span></span><span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;"> Effects of R&D on Productivity Growth in Industry</span></span> (National Planning Association, Washington, 1974).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[44]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">M. <span class="SpellE">Teubal</span>, N. Amon and M. Trachtenberg, <span class="GramE">The</span> Performance in the Israeli Electronics Industry: A Case Study of Biomedical Instrumentation, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Research Policy</span></span> (1976).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[45]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">M. <span class="SpellE">Teubal</span>, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">On Users Needs and Need Determination: Aspects of the Theory of Technological Innovation,</span></span> Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, Discussion Paper No. 774, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[46]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">V.M</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">. Walsh, <span class="SpellE">J.F</span>. Townsend, <span class="SpellE">B.G</span>. <span class="SpellE">Achilladelis</span> and C. Freeman, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Trends in Invention and Innovation in the Chemical Industry,</span></span> Report to <span class="SpellE">SSRC</span>, <span class="SpellE">SPRU</span>, University of Sussex, mimeo, 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[47]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">D. <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span>, Alternative Conceptions of Technology, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Research Policy</span></span> (1981).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[48]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">N. Rosenberg, Technological Interdependence in the American Economy, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Technology and Culture</span></span> (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[49]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">D. Needham, Market Structure and Firms; R&D Behaviour, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">Journal of Industrial Economics</span></span> (1975).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">[50]<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 20px;">R. Scherer, Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity and the Output of Patented Inventions, <span class="40"><span style="line-height: 20px;">American Economic Review</span></span> (1965).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">“In this Schumpeterian distinction an <span class="40">“invention</span>” is an idea, a sketch or a model for a new or improved device, product, <span class="GramE">process</span> of system. Such inventions ... do not necessarily lead to technical <span class="40">innovations</span>.... An innovation in the economic sense is accomplished only with the first <span class="40">commercial</span> transaction involving the new product, process...<span class="GramE">”,</span> Freeman [12], p. 22. Accepting this distinction, the borderline is in that the new device or process is not only potentially <span class="40">marketable</span> but actually <span class="40">marketed.</span> I will recall the distinction when discussing the role of the market.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="40"><b>[2]</b></span></span></span></a><span class="40"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">In other words, in the first definition, the “need" to move around can be satisfied either through a horse or a space- shuttle. In the second definition, obviously the “need” for a space-shuttle cannot emerge before the space-shuttle itself is conceived.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="40"><b>[3]</b></span></span></span></a><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">But this “one-directional” determination of the innovative activity from consumers/<span class="SpellE">users</span> needs to producers’ innovative output appears clearly in studies like that of Myers and Marquis [21].</span><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="40"><b>[4]</b></span></span></span></a><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">In a “weaker sense”, it is apparent that within this approach the innovative mechanism operates in the same way as the usual mechanism of determination of prices and quantities in a general equilibrium analysis. In a “stronger sense", it does not appear impossible - given restrictive assumptions - to construct a neoclassical general equilibrium analysis which takes account of this kind of innovative activity. For the difficulties of this approach, see below.</span><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="40"><b>[5]</b></span></span></span></a><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Nelson and Winter [24] in <span class="SpellE">Belassa</span> and Nelson [4], This work, to which I will refer again later, is<span class="GramE">,,</span> as far as I know, one of the first attempts to formalise a non-<span class="SpellE">ncoclassieal</span> model of technical progress, embodying rather complex assumptions about firms’ attitudes toward, and responses to the innovative activity.</span><span class="40"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> For our purposes it is enough to mention that if we assume, at any point in time, fixed coefficient of production and constant return to scale, variations in the quantities do not affect relative prices. Therefore we are bound to <span class="SpellE">loose</span> an important part of the “<span class="SpellE">signalling</span>” mechanism. On the other hand a demand/supply theory of prices might be abandoned for the unavoidable difficulties of its theory of factor prices and distribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Except in the cases in which an already existing <span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">invention </span>can become a marketable <span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">innovation</span>, at a certain point in time, due to changes in income distribution, or in relative prices.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span class="GramE">Generally with particular features such as limited appropriability, indivisibility, etc.</span> See Arrow [2 and 3].<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">The effort of “<span class="SpellE">endogenising</span>" the production of knowledge, equated to the production of a commodity, accounts for the evident trend, at least in this century, toward a greater contribution to the innovative activity by institutional centres directly related to production of scientific and technological advances (and first of all by R&D facilities of big corporations). This Schumpeterian view (Schumpeter [39]) is challenged by some scholars, for example <span class="SpellE">Jewkes</span> et al. [16] who maintain that a great percentage of innovation is still attributable to private inventors. For an exhaustive discussion of this issue, see Freemen [12]. The problem crucial to our discussion, however, still remains: how do technological efforts operate? Can the direction of technological advances be pushed almost frictionless in any direction? Can the lags between an assumed “market demand” and the technological response be considered fairly limited in time? <span class="GramE">etc</span>. For a critical discussion of the “black-box approach” to technology, see again <span class="SpellE">Rosenbreg</span> [30 and 31]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">See project SAPPHO [36] <span class="SpellE">Teubal</span>, Amon, Trachtenberg [44] and <span class="SpellE">Teubal</span> [45].</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Those studies, and especially the first are primarily concerned with determinants of success and failures in industrial innovations and not so much with the determinants of the direction of the innovative activity as such</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">See the TRACES Project [15].</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">In the first study, an analytical examination of various innovations in the fields of process plant, synthetic materials and electronics considers the role of scientific and organised technological efforts in determining innovation, while the second, in a cross-country analysis, compares demand and market-related factors with technological organisational and supply-related factors. Finally, the third relates indicators of economic performance to indicators of technical efforts and innovativeness (in a causal relationship which goes from the latter to the former).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">See also the important findings by <span class="SpellE">Pavitt</span> and <span class="SpellE">Soete</span> [29] and <span class="SpellE">Soete</span> [42], Moreover, if we measure innovative output in terms on increase in productivity (as a proxy of technical progress) the impact of research efforts is significant (see for example Mansfield [19] and <span class="SpellE">Terleckyi</span> [43]).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">On scientific paradigms, see Kuhn [14] and on scientific research <span class="SpellE">programmes</span>, <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span> [<span class="SpellE">17J</span>; for a thorough discussion Musgrave and <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span> [22]. One does not have any</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">ambition here to argue “what science is” or tackle the epistemological disputes on the differences between the <span class="SpellE">Kuhnian</span> approach and <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span>’ one. For our purposes the degree of overlap between the two approaches is great enough to borrow from them a few basic definitions of science which they have in common.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">A very stimulating paper by <span class="SpellE">Bonfiglioli</span> [5] defines “science" as a “particular technology”. Although the aims of that paper are different from ours here, there is in common the strict similarity and overlapping between “<span class="GramE">science</span>” and “technology” and the role of institutional factors in determining the direction of both (see below).</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn16"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">“... The continuity evolves from a genuine research programme adumbrated at start. The programme consists of methodological rules: some tell us what paths of research to avoid <span class="40">(negative heuristic)</span> and others what paths to pursue <span class="40">(positive heuristic)".</span> <span class="SpellE">Lakatos</span> [17], p. 47.</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn17"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Note that here one is impressionistically using the two concepts as equivalent</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn18"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">They suggest two general dimensions of these “natural trajectories”, toward progressive exploitation of latent economies of scale and toward increasing mechanisation of operations, quoting as supporting evidence - among others - the studies by Hughes on electric power equipment, Levin on various petrochemical processes and Rosenberg [30].</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn19"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">To take obvious examples, the trade-offs between energy consumption and horsepower in internal combustion engines or that between speed and density of the circuits in semiconductors (this refers to the comparison between bipolar and MOS technologies). A definition of technical <span class="SpellE">progress<span class="GramE">,in</span></span> terms of multi-<span class="SpellE">dimentional</span> trade-offs is sometimes used in technological forecasting models. For a short overview, see Martino [20]. <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span> [33 and 34] utilize a similar definition of technology and technical progress, applied to individual industries and products.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">After the first draft of this paper was completed, an important article by <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span> [47] was published. He suggests a “system approach" to technology and technical change, seeing it as an evolutionary and continuum process. Moreover he suggests the existence of “technological guide-posts”. One can easily see the consistence of his thesis with what is argued here. We hope, in this paper, to throw some light also on the definition, emergence and selection of his “technological guide-posts” and on the implications in terms of evolution of industrial structures.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn20"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Again one uses the term in analogy with epistemology: in our case a trajectory is more powerful the bigger the set of technologies which it excludes. For instance it seems that the technological paths defined by nuclear or oil power-generation equipment is very powerful, meaning that many other sources of energy (many other technologies) are excluded.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn21"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">One may figure that “frontier” as a set of points in a multidimensional space.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn22"><p align="left" class="41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">For some examples on semiconductors, <span class="SpellE">Dosi</span> [7], <span class="GramE">An</span> important attempt to define some precise criteria of “progress” is in <span class="SpellE">Sahal</span> [34]. As should- be clear from the discussion above, an unequivocal criterion can be easily identified only <span class="40">within</span> a technological paradigm (i.e. <span class="40">along</span> a technological trajectory). Comparisons (even <span class="40">ex post)</span> between different trajectories might yield sometimes, although not always, to ambiguous results. In other words, it might occur that the “new” technology is “better” than the “old” one in several chosen dimensions, but it might still be “worse" in some others. One can see here a loose analogy with the epistemological discussion (whereby an “extreme” <span class="SpellE">Kuhnian</span> approach claims strict incomparability and a Popper-like approach suggests some progressive continuity).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn23"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> For a discussion of uncertainty in R&D projects’ evaluation, <span class="GramE">" see</span> Freeman [12].<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn24"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> A more detailed discussion is in [7],<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn25"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">A convincing and thorough discussion is in Freeman [12].</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn26"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">The discussion of possible biases in cost-saving technical change, long-run cycles, <span class="GramE">eta</span> is clearly beyond the scope of this work. Our hypotheses on the procedures of technical change and innovation might, however, provide a possible framework for the analysis of these questions</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn27"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span class="255pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">See Nelson and Winter [24]</span></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn28"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Take the example of the oil-powered internal combustion engine. Changing oil prices put an increasing pressure on oil substitution and energy saving. The scope for substitution however is limited by the technology which itself defines the range of possible technological advances.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn29"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Precisely as unsolved puzzles or (“falsifications") in a scientific paradigm do not imply an alternative paradigm.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn30"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> This broadly corresponds to <span class="SpellE">Teubal's</span> concept of <span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">market determinateness</span> [45].<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn31"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> It can be (and has been) reasonably argued that scientific</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">developments themselves are fostered in the long-run by technological and economic “foci” of attention and that they are somewhat directed by the <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">weltanschauungen</span></span></span> that economic systems provide. This very wide issue concerns fields like epistemology, sociology of knowledge, etc., and it is not possible to discuss it here.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn32"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Here one refers to the “first” Schumpeter of the <span class="40">Theory of Economic Development</span> [38]</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></div><div id="ftn33"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[33]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> A review of the discussion on the subject is in Freeman [12], <span class="GramE">Some</span>, however, still hold the opposite view (<span class="SpellE">Jewkes</span> et al. [16]). The history of chemical innovations is analyzed by Walsh et al. [46]. On the role of established firms in semiconductors, see [7].<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn34"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.8pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[34]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">We try to analyze the factors which allow it, related to different attitudes toward risk, constraints facing a quick diffusion of innovations by existing firms, taxation regimes, in [9].<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn35"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[35]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">The relationship between market structure and incentives to innovate has produced significant discussion in the literature. See among other. <span class="GramE">Arrow [2], Needham [49], <span class="SpellE">Shrieves</span> [40], Scherer [50] and <span class="SpellE">Salvati</span> [35].</span> <span class="SpellE">Salvati</span> shows, under rather general assumptions that the incentive to <span class="40">introduce innovations</span> is not generally lower under oligopolistic conditions than in competitive ones. Arrow, in his seminal article, states the opposite view (at least as far as process innovations are concerned), with respect to the incentive to <span class="40">produce </span>innovations. Two implicit and rather questionable assumptions are, however, crucial to his argument. First, one must assume that there are no economies of scale and no minimum threshold in R&D activities, no cumulativeness of technical progress, or, alternatively, that market mechanisms induce an allocation of innovative activities amongst competitive actors, <span class="40">as if</span> they were a simple monopolist Second, one must assume that the “degree of private appropriability” of the innovations is the same under competitive and oligopolistic conditions. Needham offers a thorough and rigorous treatment of R&D and innovation decisions under neo-classical behavioural assumptions on firms' conduct He shows that depending on <span class="SpellE">elasticities</span> and expected rivals’ reactions, more or less everything may be expected to happen (i.e. that structural variables like concentration, demand <span class="SpellE">elasticities</span>, etc. may have effects of opposite signs upon firms’ propensity to innovate).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">One can find in <span class="SpellE">Soete</span> [41] a critical analysis of the available evidence on the subject and a strong support for a</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">“Schumpeterian view”. Nelson and <span class="GramE">Winter</span> [24] interpret, in a genuinely dynamic framework, the process of innovation under oligopolistic conditions and market structure itself, in their models, as an endogenous variable.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn36"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[36]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">I try to assess the existence of the determinants of oligopolistic margins in the semiconductor industry in [9],<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn37"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[37]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Another example from the semiconductor industry: how could it have been possible to compare in the <span class="SpellE">1950s</span> the thermionic valve technology and the emerging semiconductor technology? Even <span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">ex post</span> (i.e. now) when most of the common dimensions (e.g. size and density, speed, costs, energy consumption, etc.) show the striking superiority of semiconductor technology, valves still maintain in some narrow technological dimensions their advantage. Note that we <span class="SpellE">took here</span> one of the most extreme examples of a new clear-cut “superior” technology: in many other cases even an <span class="a0" style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">ex post</span> comparison between the different technologies may prove rather difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn38"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[38]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Walsh et al. [46] examine <span class="SpellE">Schmookler’s</span> hypothesis of a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn39"><p align="left" class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[39]</span></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">Note that within stable technologies the possibilities of advances (so to speak, the potential rate of technical progress compatible with that technology) might radically differ. A low possibility of further advances and unsolved (or “badly” solved) technical problems might indeed be a stimulus for the search for a new technological paradigm</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn40"><p class="a4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/Technological%20paradigms%20and%20technological%20trajectories.htm#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="color: #0066cc;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[40]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Of course there are other factors which induce technological diffusion and convergence. A discussion of variables such as differentia] <span class="SpellE">labour</span> costs, international investments, market “imperfections” which allow countries to develop domestic manufacturing, etc. can be found in [10].</span></p></div></div>
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</div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-46455774245220501812022-06-09T06:59:00.005-07:002022-06-09T07:00:21.177-07:00😆【2022新作刊登出來了!】😆 不僅是SSCI,還是IEEE啦(曾身為工程師的夢想😅)~
<iframe src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fanfang886%2Fposts%2F5251629331549681&show_text=true&width=500" width="500" height="512" style="border:none;overflow:hidden" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; web-share"></iframe>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-16683187714341613132022-05-18T05:08:00.003-07:002022-05-18T05:28:44.948-07:00探索台灣對東南亞地區科技交流模式 Exploring the niche of technology interaction of Taiwan on Southeast Asia<h1 style="text-align: left;">探索台灣對東南亞地區科技交流模式<br /> Exploring the niche of technology interaction of Taiwan on Southeast Asia </h1><br />黃鴻鈞Hung-Chun Huang<a href="#">[1]</a>、施信佑Hsin-Yu Shih<a href="#">[2]</a>、許家瑋Chia-Wei Hsu<a href="#">[3]</a><div class="WordSection1" style="layout-grid: 18.0pt; text-align: left;">
<br />摘要Abstract <br /><br />台灣對東南亞的實質聯繫,是台灣推動新南向政策的基礎,亦為政府找尋台灣對東南亞各國合作的利基。但如何加強區域鏈結,有賴於探索台灣在此區域所扮演的角色,以發展台灣與各國之互惠政策。 <br /><br />本研究觀察新南向政策相關國家之技術擴散,解析出台灣與週邊各國之技術擴散結構,此項探索在於了解台灣在技術鑲嵌之下其技術重要性的樣貌。其次在於探索東南亞國家之技術轉變的樣貌,再藉此結果來產生我國對東南亞地區之科技交流的策略。 <br /><br />研究發現台灣可以運用本身技術轉化優勢來維持區域內外的角色地位,並針對東協內重要的橋接角色國家,如泰國、印尼、馬來西亞、新加坡等國進行策略性互動,以此來提升台灣在東協區域內的技術重要性。 <br /><br />Taiwan's New Southbound Policy is based on the practical connection that can create the reciprocity niche between Taiwan and Southeast Asia. However, to precisely posited Taiwan's role-play in Asia-Pacific is critical for policy initiation. <br /><br />Therefore, this study investigates international technology diffusion that has been involved in the New Southbound Policy. Analyzing their diffusion structure can reveal Taiwan's critical position in technological embeddedness. Furthermore, understanding the technological change of ASEAN can identify the opportunity to induce the science & technology diplomacy strategy. <br /><br />This study found that Taiwan has maintained the regional status via the core competence in technological reinvention. Meanwhile, strategically interact with the vital brokerage countries that allow Taiwan to realize the critical status in Southeast Asia, which include Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. <br /><br />關鍵字Keywords: <br /><br />東南亞Southeast Asia, <br /> 東南亞國家協會The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), <br /> 技術擴散Technological Flow, <br /> 技術鑲嵌Technological Embeddedness, <br /> 科技外交Science & Technology Diplomacy
<br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">壹、緒論 </h2><br />東南亞國家協會(The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN)自1967年成立以來至今,成員國已達10國,目前東協經濟規模達2.6兆美元,為全球第六大經濟體,其目標為在2030年成為全球第四大經濟體,並於2007年提出東協經濟共同體(ASEAN Economic Community, AEC)的目標展開合作計畫,於近十年來各成員國積極推動此一目標,而戮力提升東協的全球經貿地位。亞洲其他各國益關注到東協的強化,先後拓展與東協關係。2013開始持續進行的「區域全面經濟夥伴協定」(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, RCEP)談判,代表著東協加六的局面已儼然成形,台灣雖因國際政治現實而未能與東協體系正式協商,但台灣仍與東協成員建立實質經貿連結。 <br /><br />我國與東協之關係,在經貿方面,為台灣第二大貿易夥伴,在民間交流方面,來自東協的留學生占外籍生人數四成,由此都顯示與東協之密切關係。因此我國針對東南亞、南亞國家,推動新南向政策加強區域連結,與新南向國家透過雙邊與多邊制度化合作,整合民間組織及僑民網絡,以及與第三國合作等方式,發展出互惠共利關係(<a href="#">行政院經貿談判辦公室,2016</a>)。 <br /><br />回顧早年的東亞政經脈絡,繼東北亞經濟起飛之後,帶動東協國家加入國際生產,吸引外資投入而蓬勃發展,台灣與東協國家之連結也在此時奠定基礎。然而1997年亞洲金融風暴後,重創東協國家經濟,亦改變台灣在東南亞之後續佈局。其後中國逐漸開展與東協合作,奠定了東協加一的基礎,然而台灣與東協各國的聯繫模式,僅能依靠早期締約之管道來加強交流,在面對全球經濟變化而未能與時並進,實為台灣在此發展之隱憂。 <br /><br />晚近東亞政經局勢丕變,自1997年之後迄今已逾廿年,在美國、中國、日本、印度等各國競相提出與東協相關之政策宣示<a href="#">[4]</a>之時,台灣於2016年提出「新南向政策」有其時代之意義。台灣在此時空脈絡下參與東協交流,乃需奠基於台灣之稟賦來開展。以往對東協之研究,常就國際關係、國際經濟、國家文化、區域合作為主軸(<a href="#">周素卿、陳東升,2001</a>; <a href="#">陳佩修,2003</a>;<a href="#">龔宜君,2005</a>;<a href="#">曹海濤、葉日崧,2009</a>;<a href="#">陳建仁、李文堂,2016</a>;<a href="#">楊昊, 2017</a>),而較少以科技觀點出發來探討,而且國際技術交流研究都較著重於個別國家對於國內生產力之影響,較少涉及到多國觀點來探索。然而台灣科技發展實力是為新南向政策之後盾,故在思索新南向政策中以科技交流來發展,可為新型態交流模式。以此,探索出台灣的科技重要性是為此政策發展的基礎,而後再省思台灣在東南亞區域之交流地位與機會是為政策發展之規劃。 <br /><br />因此,本研究在於探索兩大關鍵議題:(1)台灣的科技重要性之意涵。台灣的經貿發展已鑲嵌在全球網絡中,然以區域技術交流網絡而言,台灣交流地位與重要性仍需加以探索。而其探索之結果則能反映出在技術知識交流網絡中,台灣的地位和重要性為何? (2)東協的轉變與台灣的機會。近期東南亞經濟蓬勃發展,是為新興市場地區,而推動其經濟成長之力量,在於其勞動生產能力,而由生產能力所呈現出來的技術就有所改變,故面對東協國家的技術變遷,台灣如何與東協開展新的合作關係? <br /><br />本研究就以上述兩大議題為焦點來發展,因區域經濟之發展其交流深具地緣的關聯性,故本研究以泛太平洋地區為開始範疇,觀察東北亞、東南亞、南亞以及紐澳等廿二國,所構成之技術交流網絡,分析各國在此技術網絡鑲嵌下之各種面貌,而後開始聚焦於台灣與東協國家之分析結果,來闡述台灣在發展科技交流時之策略意涵。
<br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">貳、文獻探討 </h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">一、由東亞共同體到東南亞國協的發展 </h3><br />東亞共同體於早年諸多倡議,但進展有限,惟東南亞國協始具雛型(<a href="#">吳祖田,1998</a>),然於1997亞洲金融風暴後,中國對於東協經貿復興的挹注,並再南海議題上的積極參與等等,此間中國在此區域勢力日漸深植壯大,然而此發展失衡之態勢已為各國所觀察,由此東協區內漸有「區外再擴大參與」之議論(<a href="#">蔡東杰、洪銘德,2009</a>)。由東協區內國家與區外國家(日、中、韓)展開合作協商,故構成「東協加一」、「東協加三」等模式,由此東北亞與東南亞國家之區域整合協定逐漸開展(<a href="#">柯春共,2005</a>;<a href="#">黃奎博,2005</a>)。然此擴大協商歷程中,存在各國勢力之競逐(<a href="#">Vaughn and Morrison, 2006</a>),其中美國的積極參與帶來重要轉變,於2003年發生峇里島恐攻後,美國與東協區內各國協商反恐合作,並於2007年正式發表「重返亞洲」政策,對於東協帶來質量上的轉變(<a href="#">蔡東杰、洪銘德,2009</a>;<a href="#">陳佩修,2010</a>)。首先在量變上,於2005年「東亞高峰會」擴大參與國家,邀請印、澳、紐等三國,進而構成其後「區域全面經濟夥伴框架協定」的產生(<a href="#">蔡東杰,2007</a>)。而在質變上,擴大東協區外新成員讓美國的影響力逐漸提升,對於南海的自由航行權或印太戰略(Indo-Pacific Strategies)之鋪陳得以開展(<a href="#">White House, 2017</a>),自此南海議題的設定者不再僅有中國,而是擴大到週邊各國,除此之外,印度亦提出「東行政策」 (Look East Policy)再度增強與東協國家合作(<a href="#">楊昊,2018</a>)。因此,探索東協與週邊國家嬗變脈絡有其三焦點:(1)中國的參與型態與擴張政策的強度;(2)美國維持地區影響力的直接作法與地區國家的回應程度;(3)擴大週邊國家的參與,以保持東協區內權力平衡。 <br /><br />然而就東協內部的發展,其經營環境、生產要素與治理制度等大相逕庭,可略分成「先行發展集團」的泰國、馬來西亞、新加坡、印尼、汶萊與菲律賓等東協-6國。與「後進發展集團」的越南、寮國、柬埔寨與緬甸等東協-4國(<a href="#">吳德美、曾聖文,2005</a>)。 <br /><br />首先,在先行集團方面,最早致力於經濟三部門轉型,參與全球化開放經濟體系(<a href="#">Studwell, 2013</a>),以雁型發展模式,屬第三梯隊之發展區域,而吸引全球外資投入,至1997年前均保持高度成長,但由於長期金融治理制度的失調,而發生金融風暴(<a href="#">黃仁德、林進煌,2007</a>);再者,各國產業政策的差異亦影響其表現,<a href="#">Doner (1991)</a>藉由汽車工業為觀察泰國、印尼與馬來西亞之產業治理態度與政策,屬於「弱勢治理」(Weak State)的泰國,能夠廣納各國廠商資源與技術,而有「亞洲底特律」之稱號。而採用「強勢治理」(Strong State)的馬來西亞,以「國家利益」為宗旨展開其能力蓄積:如進出口關稅、產業資金、國際合作等主導方案。而相較於前兩者,印尼的發展沿革就顯步調混亂,不具延續性,而至形成「無科技的工業化」(<a href="#">戴萬平,2016</a>)。而菲律賓其發展沿革亦屬早期開放自由化發展國家,然早期產業政策無法有效創造差異性,與東協區內同質性高,無法與後進者競爭,而緩慢成長。但近年開始致力於增強科技業、服務業政策,經濟表現逐漸開始提升(<a href="#">盧鈺雯,2017</a>)。 <br /><br />而後進集團方面,因早年區域衝突或因國際經濟制裁,而致經濟發展緩慢。此集團中,除了柬埔寨之外,與中國接壤的緬甸、寮國、越南,早年皆透過邊境貿易模式發展出共同開發模式(<a href="#">趙甦成,1998</a>)。然其後中越發生衝突對峙,越南透過國際平衡戰略,先後與俄、美在軍事與經濟上合作,藉此平衡中國在中南半島與南海的擴張。其後加入東協聯盟,致力於進口替代,成為後進集團中發展最迅速之國家(<a href="#">張國城,2014</a>)。而晚近加入的寮、緬、柬,則處於工業化初期階段。首先,緬甸早期受國際經濟制裁,故轉向與中國在軍事與經濟方面保持合作(<a href="#">陳勁,2000</a>)。而寮國為東協唯一的內陸國,與之接壤的泰國為主要貿易對象,但中國為主要投資國,在經濟發展上,仰賴自然資源開發如礦業等,故處於工業化的萌芽階段。而柬埔寨於1999年正式加入東協,除了早期赤柬內戰而發展停滯外,與泰國長期的領土糾紛乃至發生零星衝突(<a href="#">蕭文軒、顧長永,2015</a>),而在經濟發展上中國為其最大投資國(<a href="#">曹海濤、葉日崧,2009</a>)。 <br /><br />探究兩集團之發展,在區域整合上仍有諸多落差,兩者的生產要素調整成強互補性與少競爭性,就成了東協整合的第一項挑戰。其次,兩者在90年代衝突對峙時期所遺留下的矛盾,能否能消弭,是東協內部的第二項挑戰。參與全球化經濟發展而能讓此區域內雨露均霑的成長,維持住貿易創造(trade creation)大於貿易移轉(trade diversion)的態勢,維繫著區域內部架構的穩定(<a href="#">童振源,2006</a>),而經濟成長的外溢效果是東協政策管理的核心。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">二、台灣對東協的參與:由南進政策到新南向政策 </h3><br />1990年台灣由「亞太營運中心」計畫開展對外實質經貿合作關係,分散台商西進風險,1993年提出「南進(向)政策」,引導台商向東南亞發展,然於1997年亞洲金融風暴,不僅重創東協「先行集團」國家,亦使南向政策須改弦易轍。首先,在東協先進集團與中國合作越趨密切,而日漸壓縮與台灣的合作空間,而致其後「排台模式」的諸多協定(<a href="#">童振源,2006</a>)。而在「後進集團」國家與中國合作有其淵源,不利我方政策推行,唯獨越南與台灣的雙方合作卻逐漸增強(<a href="#">陳鴻瑜,2001</a>)。 <br /><br />回顧早期的南向政策,對於東協區內國家之合作均達成雙邊協議或雙邊經貿部長會談,陸續達成機構互派(<a href="#">陳佩修,2003</a>)。而在1997後,中國深入東協區域,台灣與各國的聯繫模式僅能依靠早期締約的管道來加強實質交流,然而面對全球經濟的變化,早期交流管道未能與時並進,為台灣自身發展的隱憂。 <br /><br />就中國與東協達成區域合作協定後,由外貿內容的重疊所引發的替代性,逐漸成為各方所關注的議題,此間對全球外資的吸引亦發生相同的排擠現象(<a href="#">吳德美、曾聖文, 2005</a>)。就東協與區外(東協加一)經貿成效之實證研究發現,中國不僅對區外各國(日、韓、台)有明顯的排擠效果,而且導致東協區內各國之貿易技術效率下降(<a href="#">張靜文、顏晃平、吳榮杰,2011</a>)。自1997年後,中國增強與東協合作,迄今已逾廿年,對於東協的總體發展帶來繁榮,但也漸積累出彼此的矛盾,而在國際政治上與經濟發展上顯現。中國由「軟實力」的輸出為開始(<a href="#">蕭新煌、楊昊,2014</a>),至晚近質變成為「債務陷阱外交」(debt-trap diplomacy) (<a href="#">Chellaney, 2017</a>);其次,對於「中國發展模式」的推廣,在東協區內對彼此價值觀追求亦顯分歧,其主張並未受到各國民眾的支持(<a href="#">楊喜慧、陳明通,2016</a>);再者,中國自2000年之後,沿海地區經營成本與日俱增,而致在陸台商開始思索移轉至成本優勢地區(<a href="#">郭永興、李孔智,2017</a>)。如此內外因素交織下,國際大環境逐漸有利於新南向政策之發展。 <br /><br />自1997後迄今東亞政經局勢之嬗變,由中國進入東協後至美國重返亞洲政策,又到近期各國擴大參與東協合作,各國競相提出與東協相關之政策宣示。台灣於2016年提出新南向政策,相較以往,新政策主張台灣在東協區內創造出新型態的合作模式,聚焦於務實且不敏感的經貿、人才交流,以此擴增合作管道,加強台灣在東亞的實質地位(<a href="#">楊昊, 2017</a>)。 <br /><br />而晚近台灣對東協的產業交流方面,<a href="#">龔宜君(2005)</a>主張台灣在東南亞的位置未必會被中國所取代,東南亞依然還是台灣企業持續投資的重要基地,乃由於台灣在東南亞的發展中已發生了結構鑲嵌的黏著性。除此之外,台商對中國與東南亞投資,有其不同的策略目標。<a href="#">鄭政秉、李揚與黃晉偉(2006)</a>指出,在中國台商具有明顯的在生產效率優勢,但在東南亞台商卻在經營效率上卻優於中國台商。其原因,在於其對外投資的產業性質差異有所差異。東南亞台商較多於基礎工業與技術密集產業,在產品生命週期較短,缺乏學習曲線效果下,其技術效率會較傳統產業差。但是東南亞台商在相關多角化下卻產生明顯的經營效率,由此發現台商在中國與東南亞之策略選擇有所不同,大陸台商在於取得生產效率,而東南亞台商在於取得經營效率。 <br /><br />而在台商對東南亞投資項目中均以製造業為主要發展項目,但在東南亞各國製造業項目有所不同。<a href="#">黃兆仁與朱浩(2012)</a>指出台商在東南亞布局上,以對各國投資製造業金額為高低排序為:新加坡、越南、馬來西亞、泰國、菲律賓、印尼。而再觀察對各國製造業最高投資項目:新加坡為電子零組件製造業,越南為化學材料製造業,泰國為電腦、電子產品及光學製品製造業,而印尼、馬來西亞與菲律賓三國為紡織業。 <br /><br />台灣與東南亞鑲嵌的黏著性亦展現在台商對東南亞各國的開發上。<a href="#">周素卿與陳東升 (2001)</a>指出東南亞台商於技術在地化的過程,對當地發生產業地景(industrial landscape)的變化,可區分為造鎮型態的工業城集中型式、群居聚落型式、與零星分散型式。而型式的發生因素有:在於當地政府之經濟發展政策、相對於全球市場其產業之發展狀態、在地國基礎建設與生產支援狀態。由此台商在進入東南亞時,就其產業鏈之位置選擇有利的進入模式,而後逐漸拓展出各種「全球在地化(glocalization)」模式,並整合出各國在地化的生產網絡。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">三、國際技術擴散 </h3><br />實質的經貿連結常奠基於科技-生產為基礎,<a href="#">Wallerstein(1974)</a>提出世界體系論(world-system),以「核心-邊陲」架構來,來探討全球交換關係。而<a href="#">Gereffi (1994)</a>提出「全球商品鍊」(global commodity chain)來闡述全球廠商間的聯結型式與內涵。隨後,「新國際分工論」(The new international division of labor) (<a href="#">Francis, 2004</a>; Frobel, Heinrichs, & Kreye,<a href="#"> 1978, 1980</a>)<a href="#"></a> 的提出,認為開發中國家的資源稟賦有著「動態的發展」,隨著教育水準的提昇,人力資源有了大幅增長,進而顯露於科技與生產的表現。再者,這些實質的聯結乃存在著「技術-社會性」基礎,而構成了互賴關係,進而產生「結構鑲嵌」(<a href="#">Burt, 2005</a>)。 <br /><br />台灣與東南亞間的技術擴散之效益,可藉由國際技術外溢(international spillovers)上來探究(<a href="#">Grossman & Helpman, 1991</a>)。<a href="#">Griliches (1979)</a>提出兩種技術外溢型態:(一)為經由產業間交易過程而體現在產品上的技術知識外溢(technology spillover),即貿易流之外溢效果;(二)為不涉及實體商品交易行為的純粹知識外溢(pure knowledge spillovers),即知識流之外溢效果。然而,過去文獻以第一型之研究態為主,即以國際經濟、貿易交流效果等研究,有著深刻的探討。相形之下,第二型態的研究較少。 <br /><br />就第二型態之技術外溢而言,技術以抽象形式呈現在非書面化(non-codify)的內隱知識(tacit knowledge),或是以書面化(codify)的方式,以配方(formula)、藍圖、程式等外顯知識(explicit knowledge)。國際間的學習或購買技術則包含了內隱與外顯知識,累積與轉化後,而形成技術創新,由此顯現出國際技術外溢效果(<a href="#">Maskus, 2004</a>)。 <br /><br />而就技術知識的收授關係上,技術取得是為發展策略中重要的一環。<a href="#">Ford (1988)</a>主張五種技術來源:內部研發、合資開發、委外研發、技術授權、直接購買。而<a href="#">Lane與Lubatkin (1998)</a>主張三種技術取得途徑:首先、由外部來源的直接購買;其次,是與外部合作,透過研發聯盟,外部合資等方式來獲得技術;最後,就是內部來源,透過自行研發與垂直整合方式取得技術。而這三種途徑與技術發展者自身之風險承受能力、經營策略彈性、資源掌握程度有關。 <br /><br />而技術擴散的效果,在技術發展初期之國家,會反映在產能的表現上,而後逐漸表現在創新技術,進而展現在智慧財(intellectual property)的增加,其中以專利為典型的代表。就各國技術與專利發展上,首先在國際外貿上,能夠透過專利來保護海外目標市場權益(<a href="#">Smith, 2001</a>),就其技術意涵為其國之廠商已具有技術創新能力,故其產業發展型態,不僅有純粹的加工、組裝能力或初級原物料生產,而是在工藝能力上已蓄積出獨特創新技術。因此,透過國家之專利數量多寡,可觀察出其總體產業之質性發展(<a href="#">Sala-i-Martin, 2011</a>)。其次,就專利引證對的技術發展之意涵,因專利之獲得,需引證其創新,故其引證技術之前,需暸解其技術之內容或構造,由此產生了技術知識的學習,進而達成技術擴散(<a href="#">Cohen & Levinthal, 1990</a>)。因此透過專利之後/前向引證(backward/forward citation)之觀察,能夠解析技術擴散的之樣態(<a href="#">Jaffe & Trajtenberg, 2002</a>)。採用知識外溢的觀點來探索國際技術擴散,可藉由專利之引證關係(citation)來觀察。 <br /><br />因此<a href="#">Shih與Chang(2009)</a>運用專利引證關係與貿易關係探討國際技術擴散,而發現擴散結構地位(position)可以區分為:技術來源國、技術中介國、技術追隨國、技術吸收國。而就外生經濟成長之觀點,國際技術外溢效果更會因不同「國際技術鑲嵌」樣態,而對創新能力有所影響,進而反映在國家創新能力之差異(Huang, Shih, & Wu, 2011)。 <br />四、技術網絡之鑲嵌意涵 <br /><br />視國家為節點,國家間的互動為連結,以此構成網絡關係,再於與社會結構相結合而能探究許多不同層次的網絡鑲嵌意涵(<a href="#">Adler & Kwon, 2002</a>)。而網絡中心性的觀察,是透過了解到行動者(actors, nodes)在網絡中所處的位置來觀察其節點的關鍵程度,而引申出重要性的意涵(<a href="#">Hanneman & Riddle, 2005</a>; <a href="#">Krackhardt, 1992</a>)。<a href="#">Burt (2005)</a>認為高中心性的成員,代表著擁有其他成員認定的獨特價值,故而構成高度連結。<a href="#">Gnyawali與Madhavan (2001)</a>指出具高中心性的成員能夠獲得不對稱的優勢資源。Vanhaverbeke、Duysters與 Noorderhaven (2002)發現中心性較高的成員,越能建立強勢技術地位,並強化未來的市場潛力。而應用網絡中心性分析在技術網絡的研究方面,<a href="#">Shih與Chang (2009)</a>認為一國的向內點度中心性(in-degree centrality)能顯示對國外技術的吸收,而向外點度中心性(out-degree centrality)則能顯示該國對外國技術的提供。而一國的接近中心性(closeness centrality),則表示該國家在網絡中與其他國家的可達性,由此該國可避免遭受資訊扭曲、控制或干擾,而顯現出交流的效率。中介中心性(betweenness centrality)代表一國在交流中的控制能力,除了擁有自「來源者」的技術知識,亦能傳遞給「接收者」的能力。 <br /><br />而在社會網絡內,行動者或群體間存在著溝通的橋樑,而在資訊流通關係上,呈現出連結的強弱,<a href="#">Granovetter (1973)</a>主張弱連結(weak ties)的橋樑效果,對於運用資訊流通所產生的優勢作用,比起強連結重要。<a href="#">Marsden (1982)</a>詮釋橋接的角色乃在於促進成員交流,因此其橋接作用,可調控總體溝通效果。而<a href="#">Burt (2005)</a><a href="#"></a>更主張,橋接者在網絡中能產生競爭優勢的意義,因此橋接角色分析更可探索出網絡擴散中的策略意涵。<a href="#">Gould與 Fernandez (1989)</a>則提出橋接角色模型(brokerage role model),而可區分為五種角色:協調者(coordinator)、守門者(gatekeeper)、代表者(representative)、諮詢者(consultant)、連絡者(liaison)。<a href="#">Aalbers與Dolfsma (2015)</a>則再針對五種橋接角色的差異,統合出兩種傳播導向:首先,協調者與守門者兩者屬於「內部導向」的橋接角色,是負責將獲得的資源散播到所屬群組內,因此在技術網絡中可視為「區域內技術擴散者」;其次,諮詢者、代表者與連絡者三者則屬於「外部導向」的橋接角色,他們能夠將獲得的資源向別的不同群體進行知識擴散,而在技術網絡中可視為「區域外技術擴散者」。而在技術網絡研究上,<a href="#">Huang與Su (2019)</a>運用這五種橋接模型,分析專利技術間的交流,而發現不同橋接角色對於技術跨域(interdisciplinarity) 整合,俱有支點的作用,進而發生技術創新。 <br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">參、研究方法與資料 </h2><br />本研究以1997年亞洲金融風暴之後,東亞技術交流網絡為焦點,以國家層級來觀察專利引證關係,即構成技術擴散網絡分析(<a href="#">Hu & Jaffe, 2003</a>; <a href="#">Shih & Chang, 2009</a>)。解析各國在技術擴散之樣態,藉由技術的收授關係,做個別之觀察,由此構成網絡中心性分析,而探索交流中之傳播關鍵作用,即是為橋接樣態分析。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">一、研究方法 </h3>(一)網絡中心性分析 (Network centrality analysis) <br /><br />本研究運用<a href="#">Freeman (1978)</a>所提出的三種網絡中心性:點度中心性、接近中心性、中介中心性來分析,述如下: <br /><br />1.點度中心性 <br /><br />當行動者的點度中心性越高就代表該行動者與其他行動者之間的連結越高,而位居於網絡的中心地位,具有較大的影響力。點度中心性又分為向內點度中心性(in-degree)、向外點度中心性(out-degree)(<a href="#">Knoke & Burt, 1983</a>)。本研究透過專利間的引證關係中,向內點度中心性代表技術的接受者,向外點度中心性代表技術的提供者,故以上兩者的分析都納入探討時,便能解析出國家在技術擴散網絡中的影響力。而點度中心性的計算如下:
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image001.png" width="591" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image002.png" width="21" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">和</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image003.png" width="30" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">分別代表節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">i</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">的向內以及向外的連結,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image004.png" width="6" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">代表網絡中的節點數目。節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">i</span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">的向內點度中心性和向外點度中心性分別表示個別國家的引證與被引證情況,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image005.png" width="36" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">愈大、代表該國專利去引證他國數量愈多,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image006.png" width="45" /></span></span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">愈大、則代表該國被他國引證愈多。 </span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">2.接近中心性 </span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">接近中心性的定義為行動者與其他行動者間的距離遠近(</span><a href="#" style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">Scott, 2000</a><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">),總和距離越小表示越容易快速聯繫到其他行動者。接近中心性又可區分為向內接近中心性(in-closeness)與向外接近中心性(out-closeness)。這兩種接近中心性之計算如下:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -35.4pt;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"><img height="60" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image007.png" width="657" /></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image008.png" width="109" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">所代表的是節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">i</span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">與</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">j</span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">之間向內或向外的幾何距離</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(geodesic
distance)</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">即</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">最短路徑數目。節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">i</span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">與其他網絡中節點的幾何距離總和的倒數為接近中心性的計算,而在接近中心性的數值表現上,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image009.png" width="35" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">與</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image010.png" width="44" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">數值越大則代表與其他節點的直通路徑越多,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image009.png" width="35" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">與</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image010.png" width="44" /></span></span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">數值越小則代表與其他節點的直通路徑越少。 </span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">3.中介中心性 </span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">當行動者位處與其他行動者的路徑中,則代表此行動者具有中介中心性。因此擁有較高中介中心性就具有控制其他行動者的能力(</span><a href="#" style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">Freeman, 1978</a><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">; </span><a href="#" style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">Scott, 2000</a><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">)。其計算如下:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image011.png" width="20" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image012.png" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">) = </span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img height="60" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image013.png" width="128" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">𝑖</span></i><i><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 11pt;">≠</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">𝑗</span></i><i><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 11pt;">≠</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">𝑘</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> i,
j, k, l =</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1.2.3</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 11pt;">…</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">22</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image014.png" width="26" /></span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">代表節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">j </span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">與節點</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">k </span></i><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">之間的捷徑數目,</span><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.files/image015.png" width="58" /></span></span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">是連結兩節點並同時經過節點i 的捷徑數量,因此一網絡內的所有捷徑中,會經過節點i 的可能捷徑即為節點i的中介中心性。由於一個節點的中介中心性衡量的是該節點可以控制與其他節點互動的程度大小,因此如果節點的中介中心性越接近0,代表著該節點不能控制網絡中的任何行動者,而且越處於網絡的邊緣位置。而如果一個節點的中介中心性越趨近於1,則代表著該節點可以控制其他行動者的程度越高。 </span><br /><br /><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">(二)橋接角色分析 (Brokerage role analysis) </span><br /><br /><a href="#" style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">Gould與Fernandez(1989)</a><span style="position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">所提出的橋接角色模型,是建立在網絡的三方連繫解析(triad analysis)為基礎來發展,其解析模型成立條件再於:而必須滿足以三節點(A、B、C)所構成一組的二度傳播模型,而其中B節點為連繫A節點與C節點的橋接節點(bridging node),且同時A節點與C節點並不相連。如傳播過程未能滿足上述條件,即不構成橋接模型。基於前述條件下,再透過這三節點所隸屬區域之組合變化,即構成B橋接節點的五種角色,分述如下並輔以圖1說明:</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9dlKTH2dsSrFYGKU0IhXPecogkOYrewgXjMh6Lqzszd1e-f26Hjss5s0hfKkzap1f-NQIG-I_UqlZDZAwZBgnkbbrNabiITXXTM3nrd_ZxZDiOqZ5BjkiuwYTe_eN7so79_OeiIVzMYwRGylmDN8XZC9r8_NsnCwrAOU57V1m4yvGPbslNIZiI20m/s685/image016.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="685" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9dlKTH2dsSrFYGKU0IhXPecogkOYrewgXjMh6Lqzszd1e-f26Hjss5s0hfKkzap1f-NQIG-I_UqlZDZAwZBgnkbbrNabiITXXTM3nrd_ZxZDiOqZ5BjkiuwYTe_eN7so79_OeiIVzMYwRGylmDN8XZC9r8_NsnCwrAOU57V1m4yvGPbslNIZiI20m/s16000/image016.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">註:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">A</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">B</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">C</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">代表網絡中的節點(國家),圓圈代表一個網群(地理區),箭頭代表關係收發方向,每種模型中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">B</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left; text-indent: -66.1333px;">節點(國家)既代表其橋接角色。<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;">資料來源:改寫自Gould and Fernandez (1989) pp.93</span></div></span><span style="text-align: start;">圖1 橋接角色模型</span></td></tr></tbody></table><ol><li>協調者:當網絡中的三個成員皆屬於同一群體時,橋接點就可視為協調者。就本研究之技術網絡活動而言,其角色在區域內先吸收成員之技術知識,轉化產生新技術,其技術知識又被區域內不同成員所吸收,故其角色意涵在於促成區域內的技術擴散。</li><li>守門者:當橋接點與最終的節點是屬於同一個群體時,而起始的節點是屬於不同群體時,橋接點就即為守門者。此角色將區域外的技術知識吸收後,其轉化的技術,再被區域內成員所採用。因此,其角色意涵在於促成區域外的技術引進。</li><li>代表者:當網絡中的起始節點與橋接點屬於同一個群體,而最終接受節點隸屬不同群體,此樣態的橋接角色為代表者。此角色在於吸收自已區域內之技術知識後,而其轉化技術,再被區域外的成員所採用,故其角色其意涵在於促成技術對區域外輸出。</li><li>諮詢者:當網絡中節點的起始以及結尾屬於同一群,而橋接點屬於另一群體時,則此橋接角色則稱為諮詢者。此角色是以外來者在吸收某地區成員技術知識後,又其技術知識又再度被到其地區之其他成員所吸收。因此,其角色意涵在於外來者促成在地技術轉化。</li><li>連絡者:當網絡中的節點都屬於不同群體時,橋接點就被稱為連絡者。此角色在於先吸收某一區域成員的技術知識,而其轉化後技術,再度被另外區域成員所吸收,如此構成多方跨區的傳遞。故其角色意涵在於促成技術在不同區域間轉化。 </li></ol>而在五種橋接角色計算過程上,是將網絡中的節點分群,再調查每個節點在網絡中與其他群組之節點的連結關係,計算出擔任各種橋接角色的原始次數。然而各網群規模有所不同,故參酌網群規模給於原始次數做正規化(normalization)後,則呈現之相對橋接分數(relative brokerage),因此相對橋接分數,更能顯現橋接角色之關鍵性(<a href="#">Gould & Fernandez, 1989</a>)。 <br /><br />本研究將國家間專利引證視為技術擴散間的連結關係,按照地理區位進行不同區域的分群,此乃奠基於地理的鄰近性來探討區域內外傳遞的關鍵性。在橋接角色計算過程,地理區位關係為分群的設定,各國依照其分群,再做群內分析與群外分析,進而能夠顯現各國在地理區域因素下的活動樣貌(橋接角色),進而歸納成一國之橋接樣態。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">二、研究資料來源與資料處理 </h3>為求分析完整性,以呼應地緣政治的觀點(<a href="#">Mercille, 2008</a>),本研究以泛太平洋地區(Asia-Pacific)為範疇,研究國家總共22國;再者,為探索網絡橋接效果,需對於國家給於分群,分群方式乃採用聯合國地理方案(United Nations geoscheme)的地域劃分來進行地理區隔分群(<a href="#">United Nations Statistics Division, 2017</a>),分群結果與各國代碼彙整於表1。 <br /><br />表1研究國家列表與分群
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">國家</span></p>
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<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 19.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">代碼</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 19.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">地理區隔</span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 19.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">國家</span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 19.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" width="55">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">代碼</span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 19.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">地理區隔</span></p>
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<tbody><tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">日本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Japan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
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<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">北</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">寮國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Lao PDR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">台灣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Taiwan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">北</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">柬埔寨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Cambodia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">韓國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Korea, Rep.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">北</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">緬甸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Myanmar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">中國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">China</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">北</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">印度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">India</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">泰國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Thailand</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">巴基斯坦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Pakistan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">馬來西亞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Malaysia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">斯里蘭卡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Sri Lanka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">汶萊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Brunei</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">孟加拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Bangladesh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">新加坡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Singapore</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">不丹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Bhutan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">印尼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Indonesia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">尼泊爾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Nepal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">菲律賓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Philippines</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">紐西蘭</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">New Zealand</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">大洋洲</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="177">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">越南</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Vietnam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="106">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">東</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">南</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" lang="JA" style="font-size: 11pt;">亞</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 108.7pt;" width="181">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">澳洲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Australia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">大洋洲</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br /><br />其次,就選擇採用各國專利資料庫之意義上,廠商會對其產品之主要市場申請專利保護,以增加目標市場之競爭力(<a href="#">Smith, 2001</a>)。目前美國為普遍認為最大商品交易市場,且亦為東協主要貿易國(<a href="#">陳建仁、李文堂 2016</a>),故本研究採用美國專利及商標局(United States Patent and Trademark Office;USPTO, 2016)之資料庫,以反映出東亞各國在其主要市場之活動狀態。結合晚近東亞政經局勢嬗變之時空脈絡,並參酌22國在美國專利資料庫中能夠回朔呈現之年度,故採用資料年度總區間為1997年到2015年,共19年度。 <br /><br />而在資料分析的期間區隔上,東協市場的變化與周邊各國在自由貿易協定之歷程有關。自2002年開始,東協加一(中國)與東協加三(中、日、韓)展開自由貿易區協定談判,逐步減讓至零關稅,其項目涵蓋率逐年增加,至2006年為止東協加一與東協加三完成大部分的實體產品項目貿易零關稅(<a href="#">李佳貞、金秀琴,2006</a>)。而2007年後東協加一開始執行服務業項目零關稅(<a href="#">楊書菲,2017</a>)。由此參酌東協加一與東協加三之內容變化歷程,本研究將資料區隔為兩期間,分別是第一期為1997年至2006年,第二期為2007年至2015年。 <br /><br />而在資料內容方面,本研究以泛太平洋22國家之發明專利(Utility patents)為基礎樣本,然後就其各國的每一專利之引證關係做解析,反查每一專利的引證的所屬國家,而逐步完成國家對國家的引證關係資料庫,由此再篩選整理出泛太平洋國家的每一國與其他21國家的引證關係量,最後再整理出全部22國之引證關係矩陣(參見附錄:國家引證關係矩陣)。 <br /><br />這22國的專利引證(citing)與被引證(cited)關係所構成的矩陣,即為22國的技術擴散網絡。最後利用UCINET IV ( Borgatti, Everett, & Freeman, 2002)網絡分析軟體來計算各項數值。 <br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">肆、研究結果與討論 </h2><br />本研究以泛太平洋國家在USPTO發行專利中之發明專利(Utility patents)數量為計,故整理成表2與表3兩期總數量表。首先在趨勢觀上兩期,以總體成長幅度觀察,各國都呈現穩定增加,並無明顯出現躍昇的國家,由此說明技術成長的歷程具有緩慢的累積性。其次,在期間變化上,第一期的國家總計數量,呈現出個專利量有極大差距,高專利量國家明顯都在東北亞,其次在大洋洲國家,再來則是新加坡與印度,其餘國家專利量都低於1000個都在東南亞與南亞。而在第二期,其數量多寡的地區分布態勢仍與前期一致。但低專利量的地區有開始變化,多數國家逐漸開始成長,而在東南亞方面最為明顯。 <br /><br />表2 第一期:1997~2006泛太平洋國家在USPTO專利數量
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 741px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">區域</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">國碼</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1997</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1998</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1999</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2000</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2001</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2002</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2003</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2004</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2005</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2006</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">國家總計</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東北亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">23,178
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">30,841
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">31,105
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">31,296
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">33,224
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">34,859
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">35,517
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">35,350
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">30,341
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">36,807
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">322,518
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,891
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,259
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,562
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,314
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,538
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,786
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,944
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4,428
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4,352
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,908
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">37,982
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">62 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">72 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">90 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">119 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">195 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">289 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">297 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">404 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">402 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">661 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,591
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,057
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,100
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,693
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4,667
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,371
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,431
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,298
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,938
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,118
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6,360
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">47,033
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">大洋洲</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">85
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">114
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">114
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">107
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">124
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">140
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">135
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">142
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">122
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">136
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,219
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">478 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">720 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">707 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">704 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">875 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">858 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">900 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">953 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">911 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,325
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,431
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東南亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">13
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">20
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">15
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">24
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">44
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">25
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">18
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">16
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">31
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">211
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">56 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">12 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">22 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">21 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">18 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">35 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">147 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">94 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">120 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">144 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">218 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">296 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">410 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">427 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">449 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">346 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">412 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,916
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">17 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">30 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">42 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">39 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">55 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">50 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">80 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">88 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">113 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">537 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">南亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">47
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">85
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">112
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">131
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">177
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">249
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">341
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">363
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">384
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">481
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,370
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">17 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">年度總計</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">27,924
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">38,362
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">39,595
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">40,627
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">43,882
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">46,144
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">46,967
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">48,154
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">42,114
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">52,277
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br /><br />資料來源:整理自United States Patent and Trademark Office. (2016) <br /><br />表3 第二期:2007~2015泛太平洋國家在USPTO專利數量
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 684px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 15pt;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">區域</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">國碼</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2007</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2008</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2009</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2010</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2011</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2012</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2013</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2014</span></i></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2015</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">國家總計</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東北亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">33,354
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">33,682
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">35,501
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">44,814
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">46,139
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">50,677
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">51,919
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">53,849
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">52,409
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">724,862
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6,295
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">7,549
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,762
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11,671
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">12,262
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">13,233
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">14,548
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">16,469
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">17,924
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">146,695
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">772 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,225
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,655
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,657
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,174
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4,637
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5,928
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">7,236
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,116
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">37,991
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6,128
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6,339
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6,642
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,238
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,781
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">10,646
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11,071
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11,332
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11,690
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">127,900
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">大洋洲</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">113
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">105
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">127
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">168
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">180
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">223
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">247
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">261
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">268
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,911
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,266
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,292
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,221
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,748
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,919
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,525
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,631
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,693
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,627
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">22,353
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東南亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">11
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">22
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">23
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">46
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">53
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">36
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">77
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">75
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">89
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">643
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">15 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">134 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">16 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">37 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">27 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">40 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">27 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">44 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">42 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">423 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">393 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">399 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">436 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">603 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">647 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">810 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">797 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">946 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">966 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">8,913
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">158 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">152 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">158 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">202 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">161 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">210 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">214 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">259 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">256 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,307
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">27 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">南亞</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">546
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">634
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">679
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,098
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,234
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1,691
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,424
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2,987
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3,355
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">17,018
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">41 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.3pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="47">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">13 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">12 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">16 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">81 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">年度總計</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">49,067
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">51,425
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">55,240
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">71,294
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">74,592
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">83,756
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">88,922
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">95,184
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 33.95pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">96,791
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br /><br />資料來源:整理自United States Patent and Trademark Office. (2016) <br /><br />本研究基於上述國家資料專利為基礎樣本,再完成泛太平洋22國家間的專利引證關係矩陣後,開始網絡分析,茲分述如下: <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">一、網絡中心性分析 </h3>以下針對網絡中心性的兩期分析、三項指標結果整理於表4,透過單期數據表現,與兩期比較,來探討技術擴散上的變化。 <br /><br />表4網絡中心性分析
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<thead>
<tr style="height: 18.05pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 18.05pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">國家代碼</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 18.05pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 218.7pt;" width="365">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">第一期</span></b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1997-2006</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; height: 18.05pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 207.3pt;" width="346">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">第二期</span></b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2007-2015
</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.95pt;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 2.25pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 114.7pt;" width="191">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">點度中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 69.6pt;" width="116">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">接近中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">中介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 2.25pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 113.9pt;" width="190">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">點度中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 53.4pt;" width="89">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">接近中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">中介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">中心性</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向外</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 2.25pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" width="95">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向內</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向外</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向內</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向外</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 2.25pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid black; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" width="96">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向內</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向外</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">向內</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1515051.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1629189.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.50</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.50</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">78.39</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">986202.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1148072.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.67</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">24.42</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">74.13</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">130271.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">57143.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.28</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.14</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.64</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">239988.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">159317.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.28</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">23.60</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.63</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2921.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1229.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.14</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.07</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.74</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">34012.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13610.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.15</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">23.60</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.33</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">79262.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">49197.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.28</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.28</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.23</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">148452.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">115552.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.41</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">23.60</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.63</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.3pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2191.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1305.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.14</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.00</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 7.7pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.84</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.75pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2941.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1983.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.79</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">22.83</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 5.4pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.68</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15256.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">10442.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.35</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.14</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">7.91</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">48205.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">30166.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.03</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">23.60</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">35.94</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">79.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.86</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.93</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 7.7pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.14</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.75pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">482.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">241.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.03</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">22.11</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 5.4pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.35</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">63.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">45.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.80</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.93</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">44.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">51.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.67</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">21.65</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.27</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">148.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">154.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.33</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">21.43</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">20.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">85.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.67</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.00</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">73.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">149.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.33</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">22.34</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.13</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5560.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3115.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.14</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.00</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.37</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15260.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">7914.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.03</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">23.08</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">6.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.22</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">20.39</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">299.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">273.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.86</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.86</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">584.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">594.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.91</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">22.58</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">14.89</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">20.39</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.67</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1817.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">615.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.07</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">12.07</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 7.7pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.73</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 11.75pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2844.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1413.00 </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.91</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">22.83</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 5.4pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5.77</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.67</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">6.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.60</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">11.73</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">16.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">36.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">21.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" width="91">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">9.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 3pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">13.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">19.00
</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">15.11</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">21.65</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Mean</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">79672.63</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">79672.63</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">9.76</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">9.75</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">5.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">67239.68</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">67239.68</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">14.31</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">18.35</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">7.68</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Std.
Dev</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">314733.88</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">338473.50</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">3.58</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">3.57</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">16.27</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">208511.13</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">239174.89</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">3.91</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">7.56</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">16.68</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sum</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1752798</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1752798</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">214.60</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">214.56</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">110.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1479273</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1479273</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">314.72</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">403.79</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">169.00</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Variance</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">9.91E+10</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.15E+11</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">12.78</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">12.75</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">264.78</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.35E+10</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5.72E+10</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">15.31</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">57.12</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">278.06</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" valign="top" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Minimum</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">4.55</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" valign="top" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 54.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Maximum</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1515051</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.9pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1629189</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">13.04</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 34.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="57">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.7pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">78.39</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 3pt solid white; border-top: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 4.8pt;" valign="top" width="8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 11.75pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 56.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">986202</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 57.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1148072</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">16.67</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">24.42</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">74.13</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 3.1pt;" valign="top" width="5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.35pt; margin-right: 2.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm -0.35pt 0cm 2.65pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p>
<br />(一)點度中心性 <br /><br />透過點度中心性探索出技術擴散網絡中各國的交流地位。在表4,各時期的兩種點度中心性的變異數皆極大,這顯示各國技術交流有明顯強弱差異。 <br /><br />(1)東北亞的日本、韓國與台灣三國態勢不變,是為在亞洲地區的技術擴散的核心,而中國在第二期,在向外點度中心性有所增加,這顯示中國已有大量技術輸出;(2)在大洋洲方面,澳洲比紐西蘭更具有技術擴散能力且擴散規模大於紐西蘭。到了第二期,紐澳的擴散規模均有所增加,但紐西蘭相較,則更提升了技術輸入;(3)東協國家方面,以新加坡、其次為馬來西亞、泰國、印尼、菲律賓與汶萊,為此六國代表著東協發展歷程中的先進集團國家。在第二期,各國在擴散規模與擴散能力均有增長,其中新加坡的向外點度中心性有所增強,是為東協中的主要技術輸出國,其次為馬來西亞、泰國。而菲律賓的向內點度中心性更大幅超越印尼,由此顯示菲律賓致力技術發展。而汶萊大幅技術擴散能力有大幅的轉變,其技術輸出能力已超過印尼與菲律賓。而東協的後進集團國家方面,越南、緬甸、寮國、與柬埔寨,則相對表現出低度技術擴散性;(4)南亞國家方面,以印度為首,最具技術擴散能力,而斯里蘭卡則增強技術輸入、而巴基斯坦則成為南亞第三位具有技術擴散能力的國家。孟加拉、不丹與尼泊爾等均低度技術擴散。 <br /><br />(二)接近中心性 <br /><br />接近中心性指標為顯示國家間,彼此間接影響程度。就整體接近中心性的表現,其變異數都比其他中心性小,這顯示各國差異不大,各國都有技術交流的直接管道。 <br /><br />(1)向外接近中心性的變化:在第一期網絡當中,其平均值為9.755,變異數為12.781,差距並沒有很大,普遍數值都落在11到13之間,代表這些國家透過間接關係來聯繫他國家的程度相仿。而數值較高的國家為越南與孟加拉,這顯示兩國相較於其他國家,採用較多獨特管道交流。然而在第二期時,向外接近中心性的平均值變大為14.31,變異數也變大為15.31,由於東南亞及南亞國家技術及經濟的崛起,所以導致這些國家的接近中心性也都上升。此間主要的變化在於前期接近中心性較低的國家,在第二期有所提升,尤其是寮國的轉變是當中最大的;(2)向內接近中心性變化:在第一期的平均值為9.753,變異數為12.752,其並未與向外接近中心性有太多的差別,其中緬甸與巴基斯坦的數值偏高,此代表這兩國較具有獨特管道引進技術。而第二期,其平均值增加到18.35,變異數則增為57.12。這普遍性的增長,代表地區的技術交流變得都具有其獨特管道來交流。 <br /><br />(三)中介中心性 <br /><br />中介中心性的意涵在於技術擴散路徑中所產生的控制能力。就整體表現而言,其高變異數,這顯示各國的交流控制力有所差異,各國在交流過程中的重要性有所不同。 <br /><br />(1)在兩期比較中,可發現日本、台灣及澳洲的佔前三名,且日本的指標數值都高於他國,而其餘的國家在第一期的技術擴散中都較弱或不具控制能力。在第二期高中介中心性的國家中,有所變化的為中國及韓國,由此意謂著中韓的交流重要性有大幅提升;(2)而在東協國家方面,除了新加坡與泰國兩國的交流重要性逐漸拉近,而馬來西亞更增強。而菲律賓與印尼兩國開始具交流重要性。由此顯示,東協的先進集團國家,在技術擴散上在第二期間已全部擁有技術交流重要性,但後進集團國家在越南、緬甸、寮國與柬埔寨都仍未具中介控制能力;(3)在南亞部分,印度是唯一擁有中介能力國家,而且在第二期各國當中,第六高中介中心性的國家,印度的交流重要性已非侷限於南亞地區。 <br /><br />(四)中心性的整合觀察 <br /><br />本研究將網絡數據,再轉換成為圖形化模式。透過多維標度圖(Multidimensional scaling, MDS)來加以觀察,多維標度圖乃根據連結強度而形成結構相似性,由此對於各節點給於圖像化標定(<a href="#">Borgatti et al., 2002</a>)。所以各國之位置由連結程度越強,則越匯聚相鄰結群,而連結程度越弱,則越離遠,而無連結強度者,則孤立於網絡之外。其結果則呈現於圖2,茲分析如下:
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh200J0jUHNR2JvtUNG_dUeUdjsf-BqAiMsaYkOo8pQC8PWCyBNJc0I8JCZclG5O4KKwlNo9sFPi5bA3WgitijROl93Gj8H0akxatS_k4T4btRt3gC3Om-uSBIzwPd0YeK4QId49C2fo-8SCCMJlHpxMVWsL2WDbwMX3Wkq4OoZlhE_Jc_hIrgr7TcN/s779/image017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="779" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh200J0jUHNR2JvtUNG_dUeUdjsf-BqAiMsaYkOo8pQC8PWCyBNJc0I8JCZclG5O4KKwlNo9sFPi5bA3WgitijROl93Gj8H0akxatS_k4T4btRt3gC3Om-uSBIzwPd0YeK4QId49C2fo-8SCCMJlHpxMVWsL2WDbwMX3Wkq4OoZlhE_Jc_hIrgr7TcN/s320/image017.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">圖2 各國技術鑲嵌態勢圖</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -84.95pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm -84.95pt; text-align: left;">以多維標度圖的結果,參酌前述三種中心性的數值,來說明各國技術交流位置之意涵。透過兩期的比較,能發現諸國家之科技能力都有增長,而加大了交流規模,就國際技術擴散的觀點,技術增長有其外生性,一國能透過國外技術的吸收,為自己的技術增長後,而能供技術給外國。故諸多國家都顯現出技術的擴散能力。</p><br />首先在東北亞的變化方面,在第一期的台日韓三國為相鄰的集群,此與較高的點度中心性而有相鄰的交流位置,中國則與台日韓較近但與其他各國較遠,唯此顯示交流較多於台日韓。而在第二期,則有相當的改變,日韓更加鄰近,但與台灣稍有距離,這顯示台灣在與各國的交流模式與強度上與日韓有所不同。而中國的位置改變成為與東南亞各國較鄰近且其中介中心性提升,由此顯示其交流位置之重要性增加。 <br /><br />在大洋洲方面,第一期的澳洲展現對新、馬、泰、印尼的交流位置,而高中介中心性代表著此位置的重要性。第二期而澳洲則與東南亞各國較遠,但其中介中心性更加增強,顯示其新的交流位置比前期更具關鍵性,不再僅對東南亞,而更提升至對其他各國。而紐西蘭的由第一期與相近於澳洲的交流位置,轉變為第二期與澳洲不再相鄰,而位於泰國、緬甸附近,且中介中心性有提升。紐西蘭的新位置代表著交流擴大至其他各國。 <br /><br />而東南亞各國的變化方面,在第一期呈現出分散不同的位置與東北亞的核心群交流,此間唯有新馬兩國較相近鄰,然而在第二期,新加坡則與中日韓台更加鄰近於,並在中介中心性上有所提升,這顯示其交流管道重要性增強。而馬來西亞、泰國、印尼與菲律賓則增強交流能力與多國連結,但交流位置仍未顯現鄰近聚集,然而馬、泰的中介中心性亦有所提升,顯示其位置交流重要性增加。這兩期的比較則呈現出不同的技術增長歷程,新加坡已確立為東協的交流核心國,而馬來西亞與泰國則呈現增長的初期階段,但泰國交流位置重要性卻與新加坡接近。而印尼、菲律賓與汶萊則剛進入增長期,但其交流位置重要性以印尼較高、菲律賓次之,而汶萊則無中介中心性。而越南、緬甸與寮國則呈現技術孵化階段。 <br /><br />而南亞國家方面,第一期呈現印度、巴基斯坦、斯里蘭卡、孟加拉等國分散於網絡四周,各有其交流位置。但第二期印度的交流位置不僅與斯里蘭卡、緬甸拉近,而且印度的中介中心性也提高,此意謂著重要性也增強。而斯里蘭卡與巴基斯坦的交流位置有增多管道,但中介中心性卻沒有提升。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">二、橋接角色分析 </h3><br />就擴散關鍵節點之分析而言,橋接角色能與中介中心性有所呼應。中介中心性能夠顯示一國在交流網絡中的重要性,但卻無法更清楚指出是以何種交流模式來展現其重要性,而橋接角色分析則能詳細顯示一國之交流重要性,是由那些交流模式所構成。 <br /><br />表5橋接者分析
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 648px;">
<thead>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 3pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="62">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">分群</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">/<br />
</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">國碼</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 181.25pt;" width="302">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">第一期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1997</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2006</span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 170.25pt;" width="284">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">第二期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2007</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2015</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.3pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">協調者</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" width="65">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">守門者</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" width="61">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">代表者</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" width="53">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">諮詢者</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 4.5pt solid white; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">連絡者</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">協調者</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">守門者</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">代表者</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">諮詢者</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.3pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">連絡者</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td colspan="11" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 388.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="648">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東北亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.648</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.509</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.526</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.492</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.361</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.361</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.803</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.590</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.231</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.463</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.850</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.578</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.204</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.102</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.628</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.957</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.131</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.454</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.452</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.035</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.613</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.669</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.268</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.142</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.246</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.170</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.254</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.442</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.999</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td colspan="11" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 388.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="648">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">大洋洲</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.018</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.525</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.463</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.463</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.313</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.148</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.339</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.509</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.357</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.788</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">-</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.463</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.347</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.388</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.793</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td colspan="11" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 388.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="648">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">東南亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5.088</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.944</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.925</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.85</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.861</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5.347</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.544</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5.088</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.056</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.181</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.454</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.813</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.526</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.272</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.9pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4.113</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.174</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.957</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.9pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td colspan="11" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 388.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="648">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">南亞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.7pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: none; height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2.348</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.391</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid white 4.5pt; border: none; height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 2.4pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1.456</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 32.55pt;" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3.307</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.763</span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.7pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 31.2pt;" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">0.631</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.85pt;">
<td colspan="11" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.85pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 388.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="648">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 29.9pt; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">註:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">1. </span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">表內標示粗體數字代表其地理</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">區</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">內,每種</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">橋接角色的</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">最高數值;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">2.</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">而在大洋洲僅兩位成員,在協調者橋接模型計算上,條件無法滿足,故標示為「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">-</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">」。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br /><br />首先,在表5中,僅示列出兩期具有橋接角色變化之國家。而各國之橋接角色數值為0者,則因其構成橋接角色之條件不足;一國吸收他國技術知識後,其再產生之技術,如未能再被其他國所採用時,即不構成橋接傳播。 <br /><br />其次,每種橋接角色的數值,是由其國家於傳播路徑上,擔任關鍵節點次數所計算產生,因此能顯示一國在技術擴散上的關鍵性。而一國之角色組合越多;其橋接樣態越多元,則代表構成關鍵性的形式越多樣化,故其國則越具重要性。 <br /><br />本節之探討,則再聚焦於東北亞與東南亞,針對這兩區域國家的橋接樣態演變,進行討論,茲分述如下: <br /><br />(一)東北亞地區 <br /><br />整體而言,各國的橋接樣態均無協調者角色,其意謂著各國都直接吸收對方技術知識,但其後的轉化技術,卻未能再被另外的其他成員所析收引用。因此,這種同區域內的二度傳播模式,並未在東北亞區內顯現,故無協調者的橋接角色;其次,中國則呈現橋接樣態改變,而台日韓三國,兩期均保持相同的多元橋接組合,僅於各橋接角色的數值間有所改變。 <br /><br />然而台灣的橋接角色數值,則有更強烈改變,曾於第一期位居本區最高分的守門者與諮詢者數值,於第二期有所下降,轉而提升連絡者為本區最高分角色。此意謂台灣在於對於區域外的技術引進、促成其他區域內的技術轉化;這兩種擴散關鍵性相對降低。但在跨區域的技術擴散,則增強關鍵性,由此台灣的技術重要性則更具國際化。 <br /><br />中國橋接組合改變,由前期諮詢者與連絡者的橋接角色組合,再新增了守門者,且為本區最高分。因此,中國的技術能力,由前期僅具區域外擴散關鍵性,轉而提升至對東北亞內的擴散關鍵性。為此顯示中國技術能力增長,而使擴散關鍵性越趨多元化。 <br /><br />(二)東南亞地區 <br /><br />整體而言,東協先進集團國家的演變,均顯露出各種技術擴散形式,進而展現出不同的橋接組合,其中大多數國家的橋接樣態,已顯現能夠在同區域內產生二度傳播的協調者角色。同時,守門者角色,已顯現在全部的先進集團國家的橋接樣態中,由此顯示先進集團國家都致力於區域外的技術引進。然而全部的東協國家都無諮詢者角色,由此顯示,目前全部國家,都未能參與其他區域內的技術轉化。 <br /><br />而就泰國變化方面,其橋接樣態組合由單純轉變為多元。在第二期於新增了協調者、守門者橋接,其意涵在於對東協區域內部產生技術擴散,同時另一新增連絡者的角色則顯示泰國的技術發展已開始俱跨區域傳播,再加上前期既有的代表者橋接,泰國的技術擴散能力是為東南亞地區最多元的國家。 <br /><br />新加坡的多元橋接組合並無改變,僅在角色間的數值有所改變,其橋接樣態之改變,在於協調者角色之提升,守門者與代表者角色之降低。就對技術發展而言,協調者角色是為區域內的技術轉化提升,所以具有區域內部技術增長的意義。故新加坡的技術發展更加致力於東協內部的技術擴散,而為東協的技術核心。 <br /><br />而印尼、菲律賓與馬來西亞,則轉變成對東協內部產生技術擴散的國家。印尼新增了協調者與守門者橋接;其中協調者更是為本區最高分角色。菲律賓新增了守門者橋接樣態;且為本地區最高分。馬來西亞新增了協調者、守門者與代表者;其中代表者橋接更是為本區最高分,其意謂著馬國的技術發展已能對東協區域外傳播。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">三、台灣與東協國家的科技合作 </h3>(一) 台灣在技術鑲嵌中的重要性 <br /><br />台灣的科技地位是否被中國崛起而取代,就兩項可視化分析可說明其結果。首先以中心性分析的觀點而論,經過兩期的比較(參見圖2),台灣的技術鑲嵌位置並未明顯脫離核心集群,即台灣的位置僅是受到中國進入核心區而位移。而日韓位置則顯得更近,由此意謂著日韓更加緊密交流。然而,參照中介中心性的表現,能發現台灣兩期都維持前三名地位,由此顯示台灣在泛太平洋的交流網絡深具重要性,是為各國技術傳播上的重要橋接國家。 <br /><br />其次,以橋接樣態分析而論(參見表5),台灣的兩期橋接組合分別為東北亞區域內傳播導向的守門者,與東北亞區域外傳播導向的代表者、諮詢者與連絡者,因此橋接組合並未改變,僅在橋接角色分數間調整。台灣在第一期的表現是相當突出,台灣由於其地理位置除了位處東北亞地區和東南亞國家的交界之外,台灣亦屬於高經濟與高科技的國家群體內。故在東北亞區內能成為技術引進者,匯集區外技術,並轉化創新,再擴散至東北亞群體內。同時,台灣就區域外之表現,主要在於轉化技術;於早期就擅長於技術改良或轉化,帶動外區之技術創新。而在近期,台灣的橋接角色分數調整,則更凸顯台灣的技術傳播則更具國際化。 <br /><br />現階段台灣與日本、韓國之橋接樣態,在組合與關鍵性有其相似,而漸趨同型化,由此顯示出台日韓在目標市場與生產場域有其相似性。與之相比,中國則發生橋接組合改變,由早先的外區技術轉化與跨區技術傳播,開始對東北亞區內產生技術引進。然而台灣並未就中國之崛起,因其量化表現而改變台灣的技術擴散結構。台灣的技術擴散關鍵性仍然保持。而台灣的技術重要性,則顯露了能夠對東南亞技術深耕的能力,由此亦呼應了「結構鑲嵌的黏著性」之主張(<a href="#">龔宜君,2005</a>)。台灣在東南亞之發展,不僅顯現在地理空間鑲嵌(<a href="#">周素卿、陳東升,2001</a>),更顯現於國際技術鑲嵌之中,使台灣在地緣政治上產生實質影響力。基於橋接樣態分析結果,台灣要增強區域外的技術重要性,其發展可運用各種外向橋接者為支點。其策略發展可略分為直接影響與間接影響模式。 <br /><br />首先,直接影響模式上,是以諮詢者橋接運用。由於其橋接是以外來者的立場來對某一區域之成員間做技術轉化與傳播,因此,諮詢者的技術貢獻就具有對當地技術的改良或提升,此種橋接模式就具有直接當地參與的特性,有助於台灣在該區的國際地位。但台灣的諮詢者橋接地位變化兩期比較最大(參見表5),為東北亞區諮詢者橋接最高,轉變為最低,然其橋接模式仍為台灣橋接組合之中的重要之模式。參著日韓中三國亦顯示諮詢者橋接是為區域外交流的重要模式。然而,諮詢者模式因為技術的橋接對象都為同一地區,雖能夠為其區域的技術帶來總體發展,但也常為該區的多方整合性協定的發展項目,較有可能會受到國際政治因素所干擾。因此在增強諮詢者橋接時,須考量其地區與台灣交流的關係友好的國家來發展多邊合作。 <br /><br />其次,另一種直接影響模式,在於運用連絡者橋接來發展。就其橋接對技術的影響具有跨區域技術轉化的特性,利用不同區域間之技術發展的落差來創造連絡者橋接的機會。由於技術發展落差的顯現,受到產業型態、科技的生命週期與產品市場的競爭等影響,尤其在新興技術產業的些微進步就為他人所採用,因此連絡者橋接模式亦呈現在諸多技術先進國的對外交流模式。台灣在兩期的連絡者變化不僅有提升,並在第二期為東北亞區最高,由此顯示台灣的技術轉化能力已成為各區域技術發展所用。這種跨區域的技術傳播對象就易顯現在諸多新興產業的東南亞國家。因此台灣在吸收區域外技術後,在轉化技術時,可再參酌其他區域的在地化特性來開發,以此增加新技術的擴散潛力。 <br /><br />再者,間接影響模式上,是為代表者橋接的運用。就橋接的作用上,代表者為技術對區域外輸出。而與代表者橋接能夠再延伸相連的,則是守門者橋接模型(參見圖1),由此利用這兩組橋接模型的再連結,即構成間接影響策略。台灣的代表者橋接在東北亞區域內雖非最高,但在近期為僅次於日本。台灣轉化東北亞各國技術後對其他區域國家輸出,此間在轉化區域內技術時,針對可輸出對象調整成對方可吸收或採納的技術,而就其他地區具有守門者橋接之國家,進而可再傳播給區域內之成員,如此構成間接影響。技術的採用,常具有規格、機制協定等延續,一旦採用即產生鑲嵌作用,而加入其技術體系,因此如能參與或協助建立其國家的產業技術標準規範,不僅能提升技術品質,並能創造彼此的共同專屬技術知識。參酌表5第二期的結果,東南亞區域具有守門者橋接的國家遽增,故可為台灣發展此策略的最佳區域。而南亞地區唯獨印度具有守門者橋接,是為此策略發展的入口。而在大洋洲的紐澳已具有多元的橋接組合,對此間接影響策略較不具效果。這種間接影響的運作,常見於國際企業中母子公司的技術擴散過程,藉由本國母公司的技術供給與海外子公司的在地化發展,而海外子公司在當地合作網絡構成後,其母國技術再度擴散於當地的歷程(<a href="#">Birkinshaw & Hood, 2000</a>),故可以藉由國家政策來帶領台商來順勢發展。 <br /><br />因此上述策略可透過政策的引導,促進台灣與東協各國之廠商對技術取得的媒合、台商在跨國技術合作時的法律扶助、建立台灣與東協國家之技術交易平台等,是為落實強化實質交流管道的模式。 <br /><br />(二) 東協的轉變與台灣的機會 <br /><br />在東南亞的改變上,首先就圖2:中心性多維標度圖而論,相較於第一期,先進集團國家呈現著向核心群集結移動,其中以泰國、新加坡、汶萊、印尼最為明顯。而後進集團可發現越南、緬甸兩國與其他各國有更多的連結關係。而就表5:橋接者分析,可發現主要的轉變都發生在先進集團國家。由此顯示東南亞之技術發展,對於先進集團國而言,已漸脫離純粹代工、原物料生產或初級加工模式,而其蓄積的技術創新能力,已達可在國際間的交流程度。就國際技術發展之觀點,技術外部取得(foreign acquiring)能否對其國之能力提升,與其國自身技術發展程度有關(<a href="#">Cohen & Levinthal, 1990</a>)。除此之外,技術網絡所鑲嵌之形式亦會影響其創新能力增長(<a href="#">Huang et al., 2011</a>),故東協國家之間的產業競合態勢,亦會影響技術能力。 <br /><br />觀察東協區內之國家,在先進集團方面除新加坡外,均發生強烈的橋接組合改變,印尼、菲律賓、馬來西亞已顯現出東協區域內擴散的橋接模式,此轉變之意涵,在於這三國已漸脫離純粹代工生產的產業模式,而其能力已逐漸提升至技術創新。而泰國的橋接組合改變,新增了東協區域內部導向的橋接模式,對其他東協國家產生技術擴散。由此,台灣對東協先進集團國家而言,都具有直接影響策略與間接影響策略的發展條件。 <br /><br />首先,就新加坡由於其經濟發展成熟且其地理位置中心優勢,所以在東南亞區內屬於領導者的角色,新加坡在兩期的變化屬於橋接角色分數的變動,主要對區域內增強擴散,而此箇中對區域內原生技術的貢獻最大,其次是外部技術引進,由此新加坡是為東協內部技術創新發展的核心國家,除此之外,目前東協正籌畫整體適用的專利整合機制:東協專利審查合作計畫(ASEAN Patent Examination Co-operation, ASPEC),讓專利審查更有效率,使成員國之申請人可加速取得專利。因此台灣能就與新加坡合作,發展區域內生技術,而能夠獲得東協區域內之技術創新能量,還能透過與新加坡之合作發展雙方專利系統銜接,進而能擴展到其他東協國家。 <br /><br />其次,馬來西亞由於其地理位置鄰近新加坡有其緊密的政經關聯,其橋接樣態就成分與比例都與新加坡相似,故台灣可循此特性,參與其區域原生技術的合作,並協助建立其產業標準技術規範,則可提升其技術品質。不僅如此,馬國其外區技術輸出模式亦為強勁,因此台灣如與馬國聯合研發,能夠讓技術再擴展到東協區域外的國家。 <br /><br />在東協國家中新興的技術橋接國家:印尼與菲律賓,近年引進外資而快速發展,故在技術增長已能在東協地區產生技術擴散。印尼的橋接組合改變,側重於內區原生技術與引進外區技術兩種型態,因此台灣的合作模式,可以透過技術移轉方式來達成技術加值,以此為深耕台灣與印尼之技術交流(<a href="#">羅顯辰、許文靜、吳清炎、胡美智,2018</a>)。此間,菲律賓的典型橋接樣態為技術引進,與印尼的狀態相似,故台灣亦能循技轉方式來合作,以此提升菲國技術創新能力。 <br /><br />再者,泰國已具多元橋接組合,此改變之意涵在於,對區域內原生技術發展、引進區外技術與跨區技術傳遞等多元化技術擴散能力。無論是區域外向傳播或區域內向傳播均有管道,由此顯示泰國之技術程度已提升至技術創新為發展的趨勢。為此,可為台灣再深耕合作之機會,參與其工業標準協定的建制性合作,則有助於深化雙方的技轉或聯合開發,都能在東協區內產生技術擴散的加成效果。 <br /><br />而東協後進集團國:緬甸、寮國、柬埔寨與越南,則在橋接樣態分析中,兩期均無任何型態顯現,此外屬先進集團的汶萊亦是如此。然而參酌中心性分析,這些無橋接樣態的國家中在第二期之點度中心性有所增加者有:汶萊、緬甸、越南。而寮國與柬埔寨均無變化。據點度中心性分析,汶萊、緬甸、越南三國開始有技術擴散的能力,然而均在技術成長階段,故技術吸收大於技術產出,此間屬汶萊增長最快,而緬越兩國則在伯仲之間。因此台灣對這些國家科技交流政策,可運用間接影響策略來發展,此間可再劃分成技術提升方案與技術建置方案。首先,在技術提升方案中,對於汶萊、緬甸、越南三國提升技術教育交流層次,增加於高等教育合作;其次,在技術建置方案中,協助寮、柬兩國在基礎產業建設所需之技術加以挹注或輔導。 <br /><br />然而位居南亞的印度亦需關注,其技術引進後再擴散的關鍵性十分明顯,故印度對南亞地區深具技術重要性,因此對台灣而言,具有間接影響策略的發展條件。台灣亦能與印度來發展直接影響策略,藉由連絡者橋接模式,來增加對東南亞的科技影響力。其次,面對其他南亞國家均無橋接樣態,亦顯示其工業發展階段均處於早期階段,以初級加工或原物料生產為主軸,而對於技術創新能力正在蓄積中。由此,台灣對南亞之技術交流與合作,可以以印度為基地,藉由印度對其週邊國家做技術擴散。 <br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">伍、研究結論 </h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">一、結論 </h3>回顧台灣鑲嵌於東亞政經脈絡之中,長年仰賴早期所建立之實質交流管道,但已漸無法因應東協與週邊政經環境之變遷,實為台灣對東協發展之隱憂。因此,新南向政策之施行有其時代的意義。在政經情勢逐漸有利台灣對外發展之際,發展出新型態的交流模式。有別於以往對交流模式之探討,常藉由經貿投資、產業移轉等觀點來切入交流議題,本研究則以台灣長久所積累的技術能力為稟賦資源,以科技能力之觀點來探討與東協國家建立合作之可行模式。 <br /><br />目前東協已漸形成區域性整合組織,但成員各國之政經發展差距極大,台灣面對東協地區交流,於現階段並不能將東協視為是一個整體,而採取單一整合性策略。反而要採行不同的組合策略,就東協先進集團之科技交流政策上,新加坡、馬來西亞、泰國等橋接角色多元之國家,是為重要之門戶,且具多元化技術創新能力,故採行之技術合作模式能較有多種組合。而對於創新能力剛增長之印尼、菲律賓則採行焦點化合作模式,以此醞釀合作利基。而對於後進集團中,越南是台灣另一長久經營的國家,其技術創新能力蓄積逐漸開始,故協助其技術增長的合作模式,可採用孵育方式由高等教育層次,導入台灣科技能量。與之創新能力相當之緬甸,近年漸擺脫經濟制裁之陰霾,而深受外資所投入,因此,台緬合作亦可循台越合作模式進行交流政策。 <br /><br />而著眼於更廣之國際關係,台灣與日本、韓國在技術擴散模式趨同化現象,然參酌中心性之分析結果,台日韓三國卻有著同質不同量之表現。此間台灣亦須提高與日韓在專業技術上的交流,增強台日韓人才、技術交流計畫,讓東北亞的技術創新能力能夠延續增長。而橋接樣態相似其意涵不僅於目標市場與生產場域有其相似性,在技術創新能力上亦能具有協同合作的基礎,故在技術交流上則可採行技術聯盟的方式,在東協地區合作開發。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">二、研究貢獻 </h3>本研究由技術擴散之樣貌,探索台灣深耕東南亞之發展利基,以此做為新南向政策科技交流之參考。故本研究之貢獻如下: <br /><br />(一)新南向政策之議題,不僅架溝在外交政治、經濟貿易,還亦需關注到科技發展。應用結構鑲嵌理論,分析各國在技術網路上的交流地位與關鍵性,進而探索出台灣技術重要性之意涵。 <br /><br />(二)基於台灣的技術重要性之分析結果,來討論台灣對外發展之科技交流策略,可區分為直接影響模式與間接影響模式,而其模式間的運用組合,可讓新南向政策的科技交流政策更具彈性。 <br /><br />(三)藉由東協各國橋接組合的差異特性,而呈現出台灣與各國技術發展狀態所契合的交流模式,以此是為南向政策開展科技合作的利基。 <br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">三、研究限制與未來展望 </h3>本研究之結果,仍有諸多侷限,本文僅就國家專利所呈現的總體性數據做分析,故僅能反映整體態勢,而未能適用於特定產業技術及其相關國家之觀察,此為本研究結果之限制,然而其限制亦構成本研究之後續發展方向。 <br /><br />首先,各國之專利技術發展與其國內市場發展有關,就各國的專利局之資料所形成的區域在地化研究,則能探索出各國之科技政策。就台灣與東協國家之科技政策的契合,是為重要議題。因此,再透過各國在地化研究則能呈現台灣與研究國家之雙邊異同,進而可再發展出對東協國家之在地化交流政策,為此建議後續研究可就此議題深化發展。 <br /><br />其二,本研究基於專利的引用關係,而探索出國家間之互動,然而,此分析僅能呈現非具體技術(disembodied technology)的擴散關係,而對於具體技術(embodied technology)所形成的技術貿易關係仍待探索,由此建議後續研究之可基於泛太平洋地區國家之具體技術貿易再加以探討,而俾能呈現台灣科技在外貿上之關鍵性。 <br /><br />其三,就研究的資料範疇而言,專利的質性內容有區分為方法、製程、配方、結構等創新的專利,因此建議後續之研究,可再針對各國之專利質性樣態再做剖析。 <br /><br />其四,不同跨國產業之協作型態,會因其國之發展政策導引有關,故特定產業之國際供應鏈的關係亦會影響其國之專利表現,後續研究可就焦點產業做為探討,而能探究其產之科技政策效果。 <br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">參考文獻</h2>
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<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">郭永興、李孔智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。中國大陸產業轉移政策與內陸台商的企業轉型。<b>產業與管理論壇</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">19</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">26-55</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.3966/199582342017061902002</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">陳佩修(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2003</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。「南向政策」的重新評估:兩岸關係停滯下台灣的對外新策略。<b>全球政治評論</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">67-82</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.29899/jrm.200304.0003</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">陳佩修(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2010</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。東南亞的恐怖主義演進與安全形勢變遷。<b>臺灣東南亞學刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">7</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">63-84</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">
doi:10.7039/tjsast.201010.0063</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">陳勁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2000</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。緬甸在東協的角色及影響。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">39</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">9</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">13-34</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">陳建仁、李文堂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2016</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。日本加入「跨太平洋夥伴關係協議」政策發展之分析。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">55</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">57-86</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">陳鴻瑜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2001</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。從南向政策論台灣與越南關係。<b>海華與東南亞研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">25-44</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">童振源(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2006</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。東亞經濟整合與台灣的戰略。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">45</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">25-60</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">黃仁德、林進煌(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2007</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。亞洲金融危機與國際貨幣基金的角色。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">46</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">101-145</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">黃兆仁、朱浩(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2012</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。台灣與東協主要國家之經貿互動關係。<b>臺灣國際研究季刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">8</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">185-204</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.29800/tlsq.201209.0009</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">黃奎博(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2005</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。「東協加三」與區域合作:東北亞與東南亞的連結。<b>國際關係學報</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">20</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">93-123</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊昊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。檢視臺灣的新南向政策:議程、網絡與挑戰。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">56</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">123-143</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊昊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2018</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。形塑中的印太:動力、論述與戰略布局。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">57</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">87-105</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">
doi:10.30390/isc.201806_57(2).0004</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊書菲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。中國大陸對東協經貿佈局戰略對我推動「新南向政策」之機會與挑戰。<b>經濟前瞻</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">170</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">105-110</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊喜慧、陳明通(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2016</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。中國發展模式是否成為亞洲國家的學習對象?-一項東亞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">13</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">國民眾的調查。政治學報,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">61</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1-27</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.6229/cpsr.2016.61.01</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">趙甦成(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1998</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。區域經濟整合下的雲南對外貿易發展。<b>中國大陸研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">41</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">5</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">61-80</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">蔡東杰(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2007</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。印度東進政策下的東南亞角色分析。<b>臺灣東南亞學刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">3-24</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">
doi:10.7039/tjsast.200710.0003</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">蔡東杰、洪銘德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2009</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。美中兩國在東南亞地區的軟權力構築與競爭。<b>遠景基金會季刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">10</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">45-88</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.7063/pq.200901.0045</span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">鄭政秉、李揚、黃晉偉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2006</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。多角化海外投資對台灣製造業經營效率的影響。<b>管理與系統</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">13</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">315-331</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">盧鈺雯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。菲律賓商機</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">
</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">停看聽!。<b>經濟前瞻</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">174</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">102-105</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">蕭文軒、顧長永(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2015</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。泰、柬柏威夏寺爭端之探析:領土國族主義的政治。<b>問題與研究</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">54</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">31-77</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">蕭新煌、楊昊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2014</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。孔子學院在中國——東南亞關係政治中的角色。<b>遠景基金會季刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">15</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">1-56</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
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<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="line-height: 200%;">延伸閱讀</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.45pt; text-indent: -32.45pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊昊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2016</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。臺灣新南向政策的格局與路向。<b>全球政治評論</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">55</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">11-18</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.45pt; text-indent: -32.45pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">楊昊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">2018</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">)。再探東南亞「外援」政治:發展、變革與在地回應。<b>遠景基金會季刊</b>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">19</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">109-156</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.45pt; text-indent: -32.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Studwell,
J. (2014)</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">。<b>成與敗:亞洲國家的經濟運作之道</b>(楊濤斌、蔣文豪、楊雋,譯)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">新北市:八旗文化。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.95pt; text-indent: -25.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Chellaney,
B. (2018). <i>The China backlash</i>. Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/backlash-against-china-trade-policy-debt-traps-by-brahma-chellaney-2018-09"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none;">https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/backlash-against-china-trade-policy-debt-traps-by-brahma-chellaney-2018-09</span></a></span></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26pt; text-indent: -25.9pt;"><b><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">附錄:國家引證關係矩陣</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.95pt; text-indent: -25.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.95pt; text-indent: -25.85pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">第一期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> (1997</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2006</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">) </span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -26.95pt; width: 891px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 1pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Cited</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left; word-break: break-all;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Citing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4,282 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">29 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9,984 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">233 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">227 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">39 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">424 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">40 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">145 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,056 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">147 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">514 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">42 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">38 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">215 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,445 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">44 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">42 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4,867 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">808 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">19 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">272 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,458,312 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">29,465 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">189 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">474 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">52 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,532 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">101 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">18,943 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">504 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">124 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">58 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">103,476 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">19,903 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">145 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">437 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">15 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5,581 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">233 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">15 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">38 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">262 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,287 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">46 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">403 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">178 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">47 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3,786 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">459 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">12 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">233 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,009 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">62 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">397 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">103 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">29 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">48,484 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6,836 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">33 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">45 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">859 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">13 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">22,445 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.95pt; text-indent: -25.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.95pt; text-indent: -25.85pt;"><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">第二期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> (2007</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2015</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">)</span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -26.95pt; width: 891px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 1pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Cited</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left; word-break: break-all;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">Citing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 1pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">AU</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">24,026 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">106 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">21,359 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">956 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">271 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">137 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">17 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,302 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BD</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">13 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">35 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">82 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">BT</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">CN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">353 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6,639 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">121 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">13,529 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3,699 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">18 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">45 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">222 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">22 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9,350 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">ID</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">26 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">IN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">67 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">30 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">490 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,895 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">212 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">11 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">121 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">JP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3,865 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,409 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">21 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">536 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">909,811 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">39,872 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">225 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">359 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">52 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,399 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">79 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">26,554 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KR</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">709 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,383 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">125 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">124,337 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">97,291 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">69 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">469 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">30 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,167 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14,377 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LA</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">LK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">13 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MM</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">MY</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">13 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">307 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">37 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">80 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">18 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">102 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NP</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">NZ</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">258 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,520 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">116 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">8 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">680 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">21 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">315 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">33 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">15 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PK</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SG</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">96 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">80 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">18 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">9,012 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,357 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">57 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">7 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,147 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">23 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,446 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TH</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">20 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">4 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">6 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">242 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">45 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">5 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">14 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">44 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">94 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">TW</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">744 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">130 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">2,915 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">10 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">92 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">65,955 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">15,711 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">11 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">130 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">129 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">31 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">1,776 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">32 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">60,785 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">VN</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: none; height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">3 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">0 </span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 11.35pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt; width: 22.7pt;" valign="top" width="38">
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.htm#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">國立暨南國際大學國際企業學系助理教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">National
Chi Nan University, Department of International Business Studies, Assistant
Professor, E-mail: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:anfang886@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">anfang886@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> (</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">通訊作者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">corresponding
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Chi Nan University, Department of International Business Studies, Professor,
E-mail: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:hyshih@ncnu.edu.tw"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">hyshih@ncnu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
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Chi Nan University, Department of International Business Studies, Master,
E-mail: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:s4665005@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">s4665005@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/FOR_RG%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.htm#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">中國於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">提出「一帶一路」,日本於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">年提出「新東京戰略」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(New Tokyo Strategy)</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">,印度於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2016</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">提出「東行政策」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Act East Policy)</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">,台灣於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2016</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">提出「新南向政策」,美國於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"">提出「印太戰略」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Indo-Pacific Strategy)</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="color: black;">(楊昊,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2017</span><span face=""新細明體","serif"" style="color: black;">)。</span></p>
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</div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-69766998598409911412021-11-21T06:51:00.001-08:002021-11-21T06:51:40.683-08:00研究限制與未來研究的建議<p> <span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL", "serif"; font-size: 24pt;">研究限制與未來研究的建議</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 26.45pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">何謂研究限制?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
研究限制的定義即是在設計或方法論上,會影響研究發現詮釋方式的特質。這些限制源自於研究之初用來建立內在和外在有效性的設計或方法,侷限了研究的可推論性、實作運用,以及研究發現的效用。 <br /><br />事實上,所有學術研究都有其限制,有些限制可以在研究開始前事先瞭解並做規劃,但有些研究限制則是在研究進行的過程中才一一浮現。無論是否在預期之內,研究者都應坦然面對研究限制,並對此進行討論。一般而言,學術論文會在「討論與結論」一節探討研究限制。<div>本期季刊將提供幾個大原則,供讀 者思考如何在討論章節中撰寫「研究限制」,同時也將協助讀者瞭解:(1)可能會遇到的研究限制的類型;(2)如何於論文中架構研究限制;(3)審閱者對研究限制的期望;(4)由研究限制所產生的未來研究的建議及其類型。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 105%; margin-right: -.05pt;"><span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">可能會遇到的研究限制的類型 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
所有的研究都有其限制,然而,我們應該將討論內容聚焦在與 研究問題相關的限制上。舉例來說,如果現存文獻的後設分析(meta-analysis)和您的研究目的無關,那麼便不應將此作為限制來討論。只要不是論文中主要探討的議題,便不須將其納 入研究限制的範疇。 <br /><br />關於方法論和研究過程上的限制,研究者需要進一步描述或討論其限制可能會如何影響研究結果。以下舉出這類限制的例子。此外,在撰寫研究限制時,應使用過去式描述,因為一般都是在研究完成後發現其限制的。 <br /><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -0.05pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">方法論上可能產生的限制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
樣本數太少:<div>研究中分析樣本的數量,乃取決於研究問題的種類。需要特別注意的是,如果樣本數太少,將難以從研究數據中找出顯著關係,因為統計測定必需採用較大的樣本數,才能夠確保樣本具有代表性,足以代表母體分布情況,並從而將樣本的研究結果概化或套用在母體上。此外,樣本數的影響程度會因為研究性質的不同而有所差異,例如,在質性研究中樣本數的影響程度較小。 <br /><br />無法取得資料或缺乏可信資料:當缺乏資料或缺乏可信資料時,可能會因此限制了研究分析的範疇或樣本數,甚至有可能在觀察趨勢或尋找有意義的關係時,遭遇重大阻礙。因此,除了描述這些限制之外,研究者還需說明為何缺乏資料或資料不可信的原因。不過,遇到這種狀況時不要感到絕望、沮喪;應該善用機會,好好說明延續未來研究的必要性。 <br /><br />缺乏與研究主題相關的文獻: <br />引用過去的研究,既是文獻回顧也是了解研究問題的基礎。參考文獻數量的多寡會因為研究題目的不同而有所差異。倘若不確定文獻數量的多寡,可以詢問圖書館的館員,一旦確認沒有先前研究,特別是如果研究是使用探索型而非解釋型的研究設計,那麼研究者則可能得從頭建立起一個新的類型學。但需注意的是,研究限制的發現,是指出新文獻缺口以及描述未來研究需求的大好機會。 <br /><br />蒐集資料的方法: <br />有時在解釋研究發現後,研究者才發覺資料蒐集的方式會阻礙其進一步深入分析的結果。舉例來說,當初沒有在調查中放入某問題,因而無法解釋在研究後期才出現的議題等。此時,應承認這項缺點,並指出未來研究需修正資料蒐集的方法。 <br /><br />自陳資料:</div><div>不論是仰賴既存資料或進行質性研究自行蒐集資料,自陳資料都會因為很難獨立驗證而受到限制。換句話說,不論資料是來自於訪問、焦點團體或者問卷調查,研究者都必須把參與者的論述內容納入分析。然而,自陳資料很有可能涉及各種偏見,因此,在處理自陳資料時,必須有所警覺,適當地將可能含有偏見的資料列為研究限制。當這些含有潛在偏見的資料與其他來源的資料相牴觸時,便能明顯看出該偏見。一般常見偏見的類型包括:(1)選擇性記憶(selective memory)記得或忘記過去某個時間點的經歷或事件;(2)伸縮效應(telescoping effect)將事件發生的時間記成另一個時間;(3)歸因問題(attribution) 將正面事件或結果歸因於自己的行動,但將負面事件或結果歸為外力所致;(4)誇大現象(exaggeration)美化結果或事件,使其重要性高於其他資料所實際呈現的情況。 <br /><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">與研究者相關的可能限制</span></p>
資料取得管道:如果研究必須聯繫相關人士、機構或取得文件,但卻無法如期獲得管道或管道有限,則需在研究限制中述明原因。 <br /><br />縱貫性效果:在探討研究問題並隨時間測量其變化或穩定度的過程中,能夠運用的時間十分有限。因此,在選擇研究問題時,需特別注意:該研究問題是否會耗費過多的時間在後續的流程中,如:在文獻回顧、方法論的運用,以及在結果的蒐集 和解釋上。 <br /><br />文化上及其他類型的偏見: <br />所謂偏見,就是人、事、地等不斷以錯誤的方式呈現。事實上,無論自己是否有意識到,每一個人或多或少都存有潛在的偏見。偏見通常是負面的,僅有少數屬於正面偏見,例如:當研究者仰賴單一研究來支持其假設時,特別容易出現正面偏見。因此,在修改論文時,要以批判眼光檢視以下面向,以避免研究者受到個人偏見影響:如何陳述問題、如何選擇欲研究的資料、哪些資料可能遺漏、人事地的排序方式、如何選擇人事地的呈現方式、如何為現象命名、如何使用隱含褒義或貶義的詞彙。請注意:若發現先前研究有偏見,必須指出該偏見並解釋可用哪些方法來防止偏見延續。 <br /><br />語言流利程度: <br />若研究主題著重在測量台灣學生第二外語課後輔導的知覺價值,但是研究者本身的中文卻不流利,導致過程中無法解讀與主題相關的中文文獻,此時,語言的流利程度便會產生研究限制,應在論文中進一步的討論。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /><br />如何於論文中架構研究的限制:三 步驟寫出完善的「研究限制」 <br /><br />我們建議採用宣告、反思和前瞻三步驟來架構研究限制。首先,在宣告的步驟讓研究者可立即點出研究的限制,並解釋各限制的重要性。接著,在反思的步驟則進一步為研究過程中所做的選擇做說明,此步驟有助研究者闡述限制之性質。最後,在前瞻的步驟中,針對未來如何克服這些限制提出具體的建議。這三步驟的共同目的是,以簡練且結構化的方式幫助讀者了解論文中的「研究限制」。如此讀者便知道,研究者已體認自身研究的限制,瞭解為何那些因素是限制,並有能力指出在未來研究中如何克服該限制。<br /><br />步驟一:宣告 <br /><br />指出限制並解釋其重要性,宣告步驟應占「研究限制」篇幅的 10–20%。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">研究過程中可能會面臨到許多的限制。但是,並不是所有的限制都必須在「研究限制」中討論。因此,在第一個步驟中,建議研究者針對以下潛在影響最大的兩點限制進行探討:(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">)研究發現的品質;(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">)有效回答研究問題或假設的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">之所以稱為「潛在」影響是因為,我們通常無法得知這些因素對於研究結果,或對於有效回答研究問題的能力所造成的限制其影響程度為何。舉例來說,我們都知道採用量性研究設計時,若未使用機率抽樣技術,將會限制研究者對結果進行概化的能力(即將樣本的統計結果,推導至目標母體),但是,我們卻未能斷定這種作法究竟對研究發現的品質會造成多大傷害。此外,雖然量性研究中未採用機率抽樣技術是非常明顯的一項研究限制,但其他限制就沒這麼容易辨別了。所以,關鍵是要專注於可能對研究發現帶來重大影響的限制,或者嚴重損及研究者能否有效回答研究問題或假設的限制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">步驟二:反思</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">解釋研究限制的性質,並說明所做的選擇,這部分應大約占</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 110%;">「研究限制」<span lang="EN-US">60–70%</span>的篇幅。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">在宣告的步驟中指出較為重要的研究限制後,到了反思的步驟將著重於闡述這些限制的性質,並解釋研究過程中所做的選擇。在這個階段,必須謹記一件事:所有研究都必然會面臨限制。因此,不需要害怕承認這些限制,更不應該將這些限制視為此研究的弱點。相反的,如果於反思步驟中清楚地說明這些研究限制,讀者便能明白您已承認自身研究的限制。透過解釋研究限制,並說明研究過程中做出的選擇,可展現您對於研究的掌握。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">建議於論文中解釋研究限制的性質,主要是因為這些限制具有很高的領域特定性。舉例來說,在抽樣策略的種種潛在限制中,我們先針對「未採用機率抽樣」這項限制進行討論。未採用機率抽樣的意思是,在眾多的抽樣技術當中,如:簡單隨機抽樣、系統隨機抽樣、分層隨機抽樣,研究者選擇不要使用機率抽樣。如上所述,對於選擇量性設計的研究而言,這是一項重大且明顯的研究限制。倘若未使用機率抽樣,便無法將收集的資料(如:某所大學中只針對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">400</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">名學生進行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;">Facebook</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">的使用情形調查)以概化的方式推導至目標母體(如:該所大學共兩萬名學生的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;">Facebook</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">使用情形)。由於概化是量性研究的構成要素,因此這無疑是一項研究限制。然而,若不是使用量性研究設計,則未採用隨機抽樣技術,便不算是一項限制,例如,在質性研究設計中,研究者通常會選擇非機率抽樣,而不是隨機抽樣技術,這便不會構成研究限制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">然而,卻有許多完全站得住腳的理由,可以解釋為何決定不在量性研究設計中使用機率抽樣技術。舉例來說,研究者可能無法取得目標母體的完整清單,如:某所大學共兩萬名學生的名冊。由於機率抽樣只有在取得完整清單的前提下才可行,因此縱使是理想的抽樣方法,但沒有清單或無法獲得清單,就可以合理解釋未採用機率抽樣技術的原因。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 63%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 63%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">步驟三:前瞻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 63%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
在論文中建議未來如何克服這些限制,這部分篇幅應為「研究討論」的10–20%即可。 <br />最後,前瞻步驟建立於反思步驟之上,這部分有許多內容可以著墨,主要是提出在未來研究中如何克服文中所討論的限制。</div><div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">審閱者對研究限制的預期 </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;">所有研究都有其限制,這些研究限制的範圍從研究設計的瑕疵到較常見的問題都有,例如:如何證明研究發現已回答所設定的研究問題或假設等。本期季刊將提供四個大原則,供研究者思考如何在討論中撰寫「研究限制」。寫作時,應特別注意研究限制是否符合下列規定:(1)具有完善的組織結構;(2)經過適當衡量;(3)符合誠信原則;(4)務實。</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.</span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">完善的組織結構</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
撰寫「研究限制」時,並沒有所謂的「最佳方法」。但是,研究限制和摘要一樣,其架構之所以重要,是因為作者通常只有200字的篇幅來解釋並證明論文所潛在的弱點或限制。若要寫出結構完善的「研究限制」,我們建議用上一段落提及的三步驟(宣告、反思、前瞻)來架構內容: <br />在宣告的步驟中,直接點出研究限制,並解釋各限制的重要性;在反思的步驟中,進行較深入的探討,從而說明這些限制的性質,為自己在研究過程中所做的選擇提出正當理由;最後,在前瞻的步驟中,指出未來研究克服這些限制的方法。 <br />這三步驟的目的都是要讓研究者以簡練又結構化的方式幫助讀者閱讀「研究限制」。這麼一來讀者將明白,作者(1)體認到自己研究的限制,(2)瞭解為何那些因素是限制,以及(3)有能力指出克服限制的方法,供未來研究參考。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">適當衡量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
在撰寫研究限制時,建議將10–20%篇幅用於宣告的步驟,60–70%篇幅用於反思步驟,10–20%篇幅用於前瞻步驟。在宣告的步驟時先承認論文的潛在限制,並指出未來研究如何克服這些限制,誠然十分重要。但是,研究限制的焦點,應該著重於解釋限制的性質,檢視這些限制是否構成問題,以及合理化現行研究方法。由於「研究限制」一節的篇幅通常只有200字,因此作者應關注的,是對研究發現造成重大影響,或者可能嚴重損及作者能否有效回答研究問題或假設的限制。而非寫 一篇洋洋灑灑的2000字評論與回顧。
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-width: 99%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL";">誠信</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL";"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">透過「研究限制」一節可以告訴讀者,作者已明瞭自身研究的限制,明白為何那些因素是限制,並能為未來研究指點如何克服這些限制。傳達這些訊息給讀者,能展現出作者對於研究的掌握,有助於提升審閱者接受該篇論文的機率。即使作者未明確說明論文的研究限制,審閱者也可能在閱讀論文時輕易發現 其潛在弱點。因此,作者不宜試圖隱藏論文的潛在限制<span style="color: #231f20;">。<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 99%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">務實</span><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
研究中有許多理想。對於偏好採用量性研究設計的研究者而言,機率抽樣是理想的方法,因為這項技術能讓研究者以概化的方式(即統計推論)由樣本推導至所檢視的母體。 <br /><br />例如: 如果研究者想探討一所大學中兩萬名學生(即母體)的生涯選擇,可能只需以400名學生作為樣本進行調查即可。利用這種調查方式,便能將這400名學生樣本資料所分析出的研究結果,以概化方式得出兩萬名學生母體的生涯選擇。 <br /><br />然而,所有討論機率抽樣技術類型的文章都指出,運用此項技術十分困難。實際上,背後有諸多因素使得機率抽樣技術難以實行。在這些情況下,研究者被迫使用非機率抽樣技術,因而無法進行概化(即統計推論),將樣本的研究結果推導至目標母體。但量性研究若未採用機率抽樣技術並不表示,這就是品質不佳或有瑕疵的研究。這只能說明,某些事情在理論上是限制,在實作上不必然是弱點。也就是說,對於研究,我們需要採取務實的方法,同時承認潛在限制。<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 105%;">六種未來研究的類型 </span>在學術論文中,未來研究的內容一般是建立在研究者所指出的研究限制之上,因此「未來研究」通常會與「研究限制」合併成一章節來討論。在此,我們將討論六種未來研究的類型,包括:(1)著眼論文中的研究限制;(2)發展研究中的特定發現;(3)首次檢視(或檢測)某個理論(架構或模式);(4)在新情境下檢視(或檢測)某個理論(架構或模式);(5)擴展某個理論(架構或模式)或者(6)重新評估某個理論。這一節中我們的目標是幫助作者思考,論文中的未來研究 可能有哪些類型。在討論各未來研究的類型前,先解釋為什麼會在上一段落中使用「檢視」,並將「或檢測」放在括弧內。這是因為一般認,「檢視」一詞較適用於質性研究設計,而「檢測」較適合量性研究論文使用。此外,我們也在「理論」後的括弧放入「架構」或「模式」。這麼做是因為,理論、架構和模式的意 思各不相同。</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 108%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">著眼論文中的研究限制 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
在論文的「研究限制」中,不免要詳述論文中潛在的瑕疵(即研究限制)。這些瑕疵可能包括: <br />‧無法回答研究問題 ‧</div><div>理論和概念問題 <br />‧研究策略的限制 ‧</div><div>研究品質的問題</div><div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 2.8pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 108%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 108%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">發展研究中的特定發現或面向</span><br /><br /> 研究發現通常會指引出新道路,供未來研究探索。這種研究發 現可歸為兩大類: <br /><br />第一類:意外的研究發現 <br /><br />有時,研究難免會獲得意想不到的發現。這些發現在寫未來研究建議時,十分好用,因為他們將為未來研究開出嶄新的道路。 <br /><br />第二類:某些重要因素,可觸及研究問題中尚未獲解釋的面向 有時候,研究中設定的問題,在各面向都能獲得解釋。但是,這種情況很少見。一般而言,研究問題中會有若干面向無法得到解釋。這不必然是研究策略上的瑕疵,而可能只是反映出研究發現並未提供所有期望中的解答。 <br /><br /> <br /><br />若是研究發現為上述的兩大類,建議可以(1)簡短描述這些意外的發現,並(2)提出研究策略,供未來探討這些發現時使用。</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">首次檢視某個概念架構(或檢測理論模式) </span><br /><br />研究者在建立自己所發展的概念架構或理論模式後,也許會希望未來研究能被加以檢視或檢測。這裡的假設是,該研究的主要目標即是建立一個概念架構(或理論模式)。另一項假設是,研究雖然提出一個概念架構(或理論模式),但並未試圖在該領域檢視(或檢測)之。研究的焦點可能在於文獻回顧,而不涉及初級研究(primary research)。若是如此,便應該思考如何在該領域中檢視(或測試)研究中所呈現的概念架構(或理論模式),才是最佳方式。若要就如何檢視或測試加以瞭解,尤其應思考以下兩點: <br /><br />1) 若要在這個領域中檢視(或檢測)此概念架構(或理論模式),哪個情境、地點或文化最有幫助? <br /><br />2) 哪種研究策略最適合用來檢視這個概念架構(或檢測這個 理論模式)? <br /><br />如果研究者欲提出的未來研究建議,乃在領域中檢視自己的概念架構(或檢測自己的理論模式),便需針對最適合的研究或 實驗情境提出建議。</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 4.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4.<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在新的情境、地點和</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">/</span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">或文化中檢視某個概念架構</span><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(或檢測理論模式)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /><br />通常研究者不僅會如上節所述,建立一個概念架構(或理論模式),還會在該領域檢視(或檢測)之。此時,一般會將焦點放在特定情境、地點或文化。若是如此,所提出的未來研究建議便是:在新的情境、地點和/或文化中檢視研究中提出的概念架構(或檢測所提出的理論模式)。例如,研究者可能著重在消費者(而非企業),專注於台灣(而非美國),或者將重點放在美國式的個人主義文化(而非中國式的極權主義文化)。 <br /><br />在提出新的情境、地點或文化做為未來研究建議時,得先解釋自己為何做出這樣的選擇。舉例來說,如果在那個概念架構(或理論模式)中,文化不是重要的構成要素,那麼未來的研究若選擇從不同文化進行討論時,該研究的價值則可能不大。如果不確定是否應該以新的情境、地點或文化作為切入點,或者應該選擇哪個新的情境、地點或文化時,可進行文獻回顧, 協助釐清焦點。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">擴展某個概念架構(或理論模式)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<br /><br />假如研究者在領域中建立概念架構(或理論模式)並進行檢視(或檢測),則擴展該概念架構(或理論模式)可產生一連串的未來研究建議。 <br /><br />為什麼說是一連串的未來研究建議?那是因為概念架構(或理論模式)的擴展方向非常多,舉例如下: <br /><br />‧檢視概念架構(理論模式)中所包含但並非研究核心的構念(或變數)。 <br /><br />‧進一步探討概念架構(或理論模式)的特定關係面向。 <br /><br />‧在文獻可以合理解釋的前提下,在所建立的概念架構(或理論模式)上,加入新的構念(或變數)。 <br /><br />在未來研究建議中,涉及的擴展形式可能不只涵蓋一種。再次強調,提出的建議必須能夠以研究發現或者文獻來解釋或支持。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 5.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 109%; margin-right: -.05pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #937cb9; font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 109%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Gothic Pro EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">重新評估某個概念架構(或理論模式)</span> 一般研究過程為三個月至兩年,這期間可能會發生影響原先概念架構(或理論模式)的重大事件。例如,發生911恐怖攻擊事件,造成經濟陷入危機,或者出現某個新理論或證據,可能破壞或挑戰自身研究的概念架構、文獻、理論或假設等。很顯然地,這是研究者無法控制的因素。然而,若發生這類事情,便可以在未來研究建議中進行反思,並重新評估概念架構(或理論模式)以及研究發現,這也是未來研究建議的來源之一。</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;"><u style="text-underline: #D2232A;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #d2232a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">延伸閱讀:</span></u><u style="text-underline: #D2232A;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #d2232a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span></u><u style="text-underline: #D2232A;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #d2232a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /><br />• Aguinis, Hermam and Jeffrey R. Edwards. “Methodological Wishes for the Next Decade and How to Make Wishes Come True.” Journal of Management Studies 51 (January 2014): 143-174 <br /><br />• Brutus, Stéphane et al. "Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports: Analysis and Recommendations." Journal of Management 39 (January 2013): 48-75 <br /><br />• Senunyeme, Emmanuel K. Business Research Methods. Powerpoint Presentation. Regent University of Science and Technology <br /><br />• Gerben et al. “All That Glitters Isn't Gold: A Survey on Acknowledgment of Limitations in Biomedical Studies.” PLOS One 8 (November 2013): 1-6. <br /><br />• Price, James H. and Judy Murnan. “Research Limitations and the Necessity of Reporting Them.” American Journal of Health Education 35 (2004): 66-67 <br /><br />• John P.A. "Limitations are not Properly Acknowledged in the Scientific Literature." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60 (2007): 324-329 <br /><br />• Pasek, Josh. Writing the Empirical Social Science Research Paper: A Guide for the Perplexed. January 24, 2012. <br /><br />
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #7961aa; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 110%;">負面研究結果不屬於研究限制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 109%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><br /><br />所謂負面證據,意旨研究發現意外地對假設構成挑戰而非支持。若沒有獲得期望的結果,可能表示研究假設不正確,需要修改;或者,也可能表示研究者遭受意料之外的阻礙,值得進一步研究。另外,若某作用未發生,此結果在許多情況下,且特別是實驗設計的研究中,也十分重要。無論如何,即使獲得的結果未能支持原先的研究假設,對他人也許仍是十分重要的資訊。千萬不要認為和預期相反的結果就是研究限制。如果研究進行得當,這些結果只不過是需要另外解讀的結果而已。 <br /><br /> <br /><br /><span style="color: #d2232a; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">延伸閱讀:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-indent: -.05pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 120%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">Lewis,<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>George<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>H.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Jonathan<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>F.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Lewis.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>“The<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Dog<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Night-Time:<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Negative<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Evidence<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>in</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 120%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 120%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">Social<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Research<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>”<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>British<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Journal<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Sociology<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>31<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>(December<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>1980):<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>544-558.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 120%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 28.8pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #7961aa; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 110%;">審閱者對研究限制的預期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<br /><br />每次都要告知研究限制 與其讓審閱者指出研究限制,讓審閱者覺得研究者未盡到檢視之責,不如研究者自己在論文中承認並告知研究限制。 <br /><br />承認研究限制是提出未來研究建議的機會 如果真的將研究限制與未來研究建議做連結,記得解釋自己的研究如何讓未獲解答的問題變得更集中。 <br /><br />承認研究限制也會提供機會 <br /><br />讓研究者展現自己曾對研究問題進行批判思考,同時已經掌握出版的相關文獻,並已正確評估用來研究問題的方法。研究過程的目標,除了發掘新知識外,還包括檢視假設、探索未知。 <br /><br /> <br /><br />由於研究者必須評估研究限制的影響,因此限制的宣告是主觀的過程 <br /><br />不要只是列出重大缺點和指出研究限制的規模。這麼做會讓讀者猜測,研究限制是否會影響研究發現和結論,因而降低研究有效性。研究限制的影響,需要以批判眼光進行全面的評估和解讀。研究者必須回答以下問題:這些誤差、研究方法、有效性等方面的問題,是否重要?若是,重要程度為何?
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #7961aa; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-width: 110%;">關於質性研究的樣本數限制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
一般來說,質性研究的樣本數通常會比較少,因為在研究 進行過程中,一則資料或一個代碼只要出現一次,就足以 確定它們會成為研究架構的一部分,因此,取得更多的資 料未必能得到更多資訊。但如果樣本數太少,則無法充分 支持論點,也無法證明結論的可信度;反之,若樣本數太 大,則無法在量性研究中進行深入、歸納性的分析。要在 質性研究中決定適當樣本數,終究需仰賴判斷和經驗。研 究者需考量資訊應用的目的,以及所採用的特定研究方法 和抽樣策略,來針對所蒐集的資訊進行品質評估。如果樣 本數成為研究限制,反映的可能是研究者在選擇研究方法 上的判斷(如單一生命史研究 vs. 焦點團體訪問),而非 受訪者的數量。
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #d2232a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">延伸閱讀:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 121%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 1.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">Huberman,<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>A.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Michael<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Matthew<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>B.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Miles.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Data<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>Management<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span>Analysis<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Methods.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">In<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Handbook<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Qualitative<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Research.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Norman<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>K.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Denzin<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Yvonna<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>S.<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>Lincoln,<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>eds.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">(Thousand<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Oaks,<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>CA:<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Sage,<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>1994),<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>pp.<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>428-444.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: .15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 28.8pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 28.8pt; margin-right: -.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="color: #7961aa; font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">覺得論文寫作的速度太慢?五個讓您掌握寫作步調的建議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kozuka Mincho Pr6N EL"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /><br />當我對研究生的寫作給予讚美時,通常會聽到下列的回應:「謝謝,但我花了很多時間才完成的。」「我花了三個禮拜才寫出這兩頁的作業,這個好的成果是應該的。」「謝謝,但是我絕對無法以這個速度寫完我的論文。」 <br /><br />只有非常少數的學生對自己的學術寫作能力感到滿意。即便是那些對自己的寫作成果甚感滿意的學生,他們一般都認為自己花了過多的時間在寫作上。 <br /><br />寫作本身就是一個緩慢的過程。大多數的人都必須先產出大量的文字,才能夠呈現出我們欲表達的想法與概念。而且內容都會經過多次的修改,文章的最終版跟原稿都會有很大的落差。假若您把創意發想視為毫無效率的過程,那麼便可能覺得自己的寫作過程過於緩慢。但是,如果嘗試著把創意發想視為正向且必要的過程,那麼您對寫作過程及其效率和效力便會產生新觀點。下列幾項關於掌握學術寫作步調的訣竅,我相信對提升寫 作速度有所幫助: <br /><br />1.首先,您可以試著快速撰寫出一份未經過編修的初稿。當然,有許多種策略可以採用,您可以採用自由寫作方法(freewriting approach),強迫自己持續地進行寫作,且盡量不要先進行批判性思考。採用自由寫作方法下所產出的文章容易出現問題,因此建議您接著使用粗略編修方法(rough edit),以確保之後能夠修改文章中有問題的部分。 <br /><br />2.在每次的寫作告一段落時,建議您空出一些時間,以進行粗略編修方法 。您可以聚焦在修正文章出現的明顯錯誤,以讓文章讀起來更加通順。例如,在最近一次的粗略編修,我發現某一個句子裡竟然多出了一個not;這個贅字之所以出現的原因是在寫作時,我正思考著該用肯定句還是否定句來呈現我的想法。最後,我選擇使用肯定句,但卻忘記將 not 移除掉。我只花了很短的時間,便想出這部分出錯的原因,這是因為我還記得進行寫作時,我曾思考著該如何呈現此句子。建議您可以快速閱讀文章,修改明顯的錯誤,但先不必謹慎的進行完善的編修。這項策略可以幫助您避免掉後續可能碰到的麻煩。 <br /><br />3.其次,您可以利用這段時間來記錄您對自己所撰寫的文章的想法;在電腦上,可以使用不同的字體或文字顏色書寫,來評論您自己的寫作。例如,這個概念的延伸和解釋足夠嗎?這個概念或句子放在這裡恰當嗎?這位學者所提出的觀點跟我在文章裡所談論的理論有相關嗎?即便您並沒有足夠的時間可以立刻回答上述的問題,但是您也要有組織的收集這些日後需要再進一步探討的問題。如果時間許可的話,請接著記錄下次寫作時該納入的想法概念,藉由列出具體的建議,說明下次寫作時應該進行的事項,將能夠讓下一次的寫作更輕鬆、流暢。 <br /><br />4. 如果您想要提升寫作速度,建議您以自己的寫作性情(writing temperament)為基礎,而不要以別人所制定的生產力標準為依據。當您更加了解自己的寫作習慣和容易遇到的困難後,便可以接著採納別人的觀點,將其應用在自己的寫作過程。其實,我們都必須了解生產力這個概念對我們來說所代表的意義是什麼,且思考該採取哪些策略才能達到我們的目標。對自己而言最佳的寫作速度可能是快的、慢的或兩者相互結合,這都得根據您自己的寫作性情和特定計畫案的要求而定。5.最簡單的寫作道理,其實就是堅持每日寫作。寫作的速度會因主題的不同而受到影響。有些主題內容得花較多的時間才能完成,有些內容則可快速完成。對許多人而言,撰寫文章的開頭最耗時間,這階段的緩慢寫作過程容易使人感到沮喪、甚至對未來感到憂鬱。然而,一旦突破一開始的困境,接下來過程便不會如此的吃力和緩慢。因此養成每天花時間固定寫作的習慣,每天累積一點進度,是提升寫作速度的最簡單的好方法。</div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-899937334908962872021-11-05T09:34:00.002-07:002021-11-05T09:34:44.919-07:00一度「連呼吸都在虧錢」!PChome總經理蔡凱文首談變革心境<p> <a href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%BA%A6-%E9%80%A3%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%A8%E8%99%A7%E9%8C%A2-pchome%E7%B8%BD%E7%B6%93%E7%90%86%E8%94%A1%E5%87%B1%E6%96%87%E9%A6%96%E8%AB%87%E8%AE%8A%E9%9D%A9%E5%BF%83%E5%A2%83-084358842.html">一度「連呼吸都在虧錢」!PChome總經理蔡凱文首談變革心境</a></p><p><time class="" datetime="2021-11-05T13:33:26.000Z" style="background-color: white; color: #828c93; font-family: "Yahoo Sans", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2021年11月5日 週五 下午9:33</time><span class="caas-attr-meta-separator" style="background-color: white; color: #828c93; font-family: "Yahoo Sans", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 8px;">·</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #828c93; font-family: "Yahoo Sans", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">10 分鐘 (閱讀時間)</span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Yahoo Sans", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="caas-content-contain-share"><div class="caas-attr-separator" style="height: 8px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 20px; width: 300px;"><div class="separator" style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) transparent transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 8px 3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; width: 231px;"></div><div class="separator-ext" style="border-color: transparent transparent rgb(255, 211, 51); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 9px 3px; display: inline-block; margin-left: 10px; width: 30px;"></div></div></div></div><div class="caas-body" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Yahoo Sans", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding-right: 53.4px;"><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">經歷早期的Yahoo奇摩購物中心、樂天市場等大型競爭者,到2017年與蝦皮購物大打「補貼戰」的關鍵一役,如今面對momo的電商龍頭之戰,PChome網路家庭執行長暨總經理蔡凱文比過去更加篤定,準備好開拓新商業模式,帶領PChome這艘大船沉穩航向新時代。</p><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 684px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 365.25px; position: relative;"><img alt="PChome&#x0057f7;&#x00884c;&#x009577;&#x008521;&#x0051f1;&#x006587; &#x005716;/&#x008521;&#x004ec1;&#x008b6f;&#x00651d;&#x005f71;" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/Vdosw1mL.e7OaDhW53K9CQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTczMDtjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/CU8vCA4RXV6rvfI2DofXbA--~B/aD02ODQ7dz05MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/0c55579c3d3da28719576286e540c413" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-0" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">PChome執行長蔡凱文 圖/蔡仁譯攝影</figcaption></div></figure><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">一場疫情影響了全球的工作形勢,對於台灣企業來說,今年5月本土疫情爆發後尤其明顯。如今訪客要進到PChome辦公室,與其他台北辦公大樓一樣,都要經過量體溫、實名制、酒精消毒等關卡;甚至在訪客來訪前一天,PChome還會安排護理師一一電話聯繫,確認近期健康狀況。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">因為PChome集團內各單位(PChome 24h,商店街、露天拍賣、Pi拍錢包等等)都在同一個大樓,「所以我們要更加謹慎。」PChome網路家庭執行長暨總經理蔡凱文說。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">事實上,疫情對於PChome的衝擊不僅是辦公模式,還包括疫情期間的一場突襲考。宅商機因為疫情催化,全民掀起電商採購熱,大量訂單湧入讓出貨流程瞬間卡住。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">無法出貨背後原因很多,最尷尬的是:最大競爭對手momo購物網的交貨情況比自己好得多,回顧今年5~7月兩大電商的表現,PChome營業額123億元、momo購物網236億元,在2017年之前,PChome穩居台灣電商龍頭,但疫情中市占幾乎僅有momo的5成。</p><h3 style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;">狂打運費補貼戰,蝦皮砲火最猛烈</h3><h2 style="font-size: 1.77em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.8em 0px;">挑戰者不斷,「永遠有人要幹掉我們」</h2><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">問PChome急不急?「規模是很重要的,所以我們現在會有點焦慮。」但不只檢討,PChome也痛定思痛、啟動一連串改革計畫。面對接下來的轉型期,蔡凱文認為,「未來兩年會是最痛苦的,要做很多事情,一定會有順利、不順利,中間會有太多變數。」</p><div class="caas-da"><div id="sdaAdvText-INARTICLE" style="font-size: 10px; text-align: center;">- 廣告 -</div><div class="darla" id="sb_rel_sda-INARTICLE" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: 0px; max-width: 9999px; min-width: 10px; overflow: hidden; padding: 270px 0px 0px; position: relative; visibility: inherit; width: 480.6px; z-index: 9;"></div></div><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">在PChome孵育新商業模式,順利邁向新時代前,蔡凱文面對成敗的坦然與那一份「定念」,正是扮演集團「掌舵者」的關鍵原因。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">回到蔡凱文加入PChome集團的2003年,正值台灣SARS疫情期間,至今18年來,來自外界的競爭威脅從來不只是momo購物網一家,2004年Yahoo奇摩推出購物中心、2008年來自日本的台灣樂天市場成立,到蝦皮運費補貼戰。蔡凱文回憶,「永遠好像有人要幹掉我們,每當他們出現時,也都好像真的要幹掉我們了。」</p><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 582px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 312.388px; position: relative;"><img alt="&#x008766;&#x0076ae;shopee_shutterstock_1690104463.jpg &#x005716;/Shutterstock" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/gYFUp.b17LLwEuDcIdDPOQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYyMTtjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/nCoEsEyb7eYoAT28vorPZw--~B/aD01ODI7dz05MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/9c4cfb4695606471690368b9b2193e61" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-1" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">蝦皮shopee_shutterstock_1690104463.jpg 圖/Shutterstock</figcaption></div></figure><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">當然面對不同競爭對手,就會帶來不同壓力,對於蔡凱文來說,其中壓力最大的是蝦皮。2017年蝦皮與PChome運費補貼戰開打,這一年也正是蔡凱文剛接任集團總經理的時候。「補貼戰真的很可怕,當你睜開眼睛......不是,是你喝口水(錢)都在跑,呼吸都在賠錢。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">回顧一路上的競爭,蔡凱文說,「<span style="font-weight: 700;">各種比我厲害的人都要打我,意思就是我其實還是一個咖。</span>」如今,迎戰海內外大型集團,他的心情比以往更加穩定,因為他有更明確的目標要達成。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">「<span style="font-weight: 700;">如果可以持續成長,就一定有機會贏。</span>」不過他也坦承,「我們確實還有很多品項還沒有做,也不會保證明天就會立刻做好,但是要保證持續成長、跟著自己的步伐。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">談到最近一次的挑戰,則是疫情讓原本的優勢變劣勢。在過去,PChome 24h貨品大多會先進到自家的大型物流中心,消費者下單之後,再由大倉撿貨,一次送出,以此來做到多種品項的快速到貨。但這樣的運作模式,卻在疫情時一次湧入大量訂單的情況下大受衝擊。</p><h3 style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;">撿貨卡關,被酸:24h到貨變240h</h3><h2 style="font-size: 1.77em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.8em 0px;">疫情贏家淪輸家,他決心痛改出貨流程</h2><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">全台實施三級警戒下,人們搶購的品類大多是生活食品,而且一筆訂單商品數可能高達70~80件,光是在撿貨流程上就完全卡住。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">當時PChome 24h一度被網友戲稱為PChome 240h,甚至有媒體記者在6月實測,下單日用品10天後都還沒有到貨。隨著網路上的負面評價愈來愈多,PChome不得不妥協,改採「拆單模式」出貨,並且減少站上的商品組合。</p><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 675px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 360.45px; position: relative;"><img alt="PChome 24h &#x005716;/PChome" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/h.BtoqikaP5hAmiunq8C_g--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTcyMDtjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/N32LBF_PIzF9bv20HIP5kw--~B/aD02NzU7dz05MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/66225a6f8d6754cb58a7c668ff3f7f37" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-2" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">PChome 24h 圖/PChome</figcaption></div></figure><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">「那陣子就是每天調整系統,讓貨出去。」把一筆訂單分成多箱出貨,意味著電商平台要支付更多的物流成本。「但當時也沒有想那些了,就是要讓貨出去。」蔡凱文身為執行長,在外人看來,來自集團內外的壓力肯定都不小,他則全心投注在問題上:「只能不斷修正、看結果,當下不會覺得壓力很大,只是很想趕快搞定。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">疫情搶購潮退去後,PChome 24h如今已能正常出貨,他們也記取教訓,為出貨、站上商品調控功能設計介面,使得往後出貨流程的調整可以更加即時。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">不過,若下一波搶購潮襲來,目前運能還是會遇到瓶頸,待2022年中華郵政物流園區物流中心(A7)開始營運,將出貨能量拉到現在的3~4倍,才能真正擋住下一波同樣規模的購買潮。面對240h的負評,PChome不氣餒地緩步調整。「<span style="font-weight: 700;">在這位置上,學的是要保持信心、不被外界影響角度。</span>」蔡凱文這樣告訴自己,於此同時,集團的轉型也勢在必行。</p><h3 style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;">13年前改版網頁,結果流量跌到不敢改</h3><h2 style="font-size: 1.77em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.8em 0px;">乘著消費行為新浪潮,他再次挑戰改版</h2><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">PChome網頁版使用介面常被認為太過時,事實上從2008年之後,該介面至今整整13年都沒有大幅度調整。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">時光回到十年多前左右,蔡凱文時任電子商務部協理,他回憶,當時PChome開始嘗試網頁版介面的改版計畫,「那一次很悲慘。」工程部門籌備了半年的新版網頁,從正式推出到決定下架,大約只過了2個小時。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">「收入就是掉了,掉到你會怕那種!」新網頁上線之後,營收、流量大約直接下跌20%之多。這也成為往後PChome網頁版介面一直沒有大幅度改版的主因。「之後的改版變動都不會很大,消費者動線都是一樣的,就是怕UI(使用者介面)不被喜歡,所以完全不敢改。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">但隨著行動商務崛起,新進的消費者開始從行動端湧入,「我們Web端(網頁版)的流量一直沒有掉、Mobile(行動端)也成長很快。」如今PChome有高達7成流量是來自行動裝置,行動端的高流量,也成為PChome的扎實基礎,讓網頁版可以更大膽嘗試各種改變。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">「我們去年就在籌備,網頁版要放手去做!」在10月初,已經有5成消費者開始看到新版PChome網頁版購物介面,新版本將網頁最上方的搜尋框拉大,「這是現在網頁設計的潮流。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">當然,PChome轉型計畫不僅是購物網站介面,新商業模式正在孵化。今年9月,PChome宣布引進中華電信、中華開發資金,董事長詹宏志在記者會上提到集團未來3大方向:加強電商服務、開拓新型態網路金融服務,以及結合電商與金流為基礎、所推出的賦能服務。</p><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 466px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 249.9px; position: relative;"><img alt="PChome&#x00820a;&#x007248;web.jpg &#x005716;/PChome&#x007db2;&#x009801;&#x00622a;&#x005716;" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/lRz6z8FyClm44puHuR6SpA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTQ5NztjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/6ea2xsYGEpH1UC730p1J9Q--~B/aD00NjY7dz05MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/bea1a9c6591f6a59b99f4f3c0617da39" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-3" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">PChome舊版web.jpg 圖/PChome網頁截圖</figcaption></div></figure><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 513px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 273.938px; position: relative;"><img alt="PChome&#x0065b0;&#x007248;Web.jpg &#x005716;/PChome&#x007db2;&#x009801;&#x00622a;&#x005716;" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/Iz415Qw0hHUS6nhfSLSuBQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTU0NztjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/DlgImsghOyQQmV7nUulPyw--~B/aD01MTM7dz05MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/17f733a53533dc802afa8a265b75fa63" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-4" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">PChome新版Web.jpg 圖/PChome網頁截圖</figcaption></div></figure><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">蔡凱文總結整體目標,「真正的狀態是一個Internet服務,提供各種不同舒適生活場景。」<br />不僅引進外部資金,近期也能看見PChome更多的策略投資,如先買後付(BNPL,Buy now, pay later)金流服務新創廿一世紀數位、物流公司Pickupp、保險公司易安網等投資案,都在今年緊鑼密鼓地進行。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">各種投資與合作案在短時間內曝光,大眾一時之間很難想像PChome能達成什麼成效。但蔡凱文認為,所有獨立的合作必須一次展開,「<span style="font-weight: 700;">若照順序談,可能到2030年都談不完。所以我們要先把合作陣列打出來,先有基礎、再整合進集團內,綜效才會慢慢顯現。</span>」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">他進一步指出,今年種種投資、布局最快將在2022年第1季發揮各自成效,整體集團綜效有機會在明年第3季看得見。「我們在組裝我們想像中的全新PChome。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">各式布局成型後,PChome能串起手上業務與服務,開放更多中小型企業使用、壯大生態圈,並為PChome孵化出不同於電子商務的新商業模式,「這會是一個SaaS(軟體即服務,Software as a Service)服務,」蔡凱文堅定地說。</p><figure class="caas-figure" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><div class="caas-figure-with-pb" style="max-height: 1362px; overflow-y: hidden;"><div><div class="caas-img-container" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 725.7px; position: relative;"><img alt="PChome&#x0057f7;&#x00884c;&#x009577;&#x008521;&#x0051f1;&#x006587;2 &#x005716;/&#x008521;&#x004ec1;&#x008b6f;&#x00651d;&#x005f71;" class="caas-img caas-lazy has-preview caas-loaded" data-caas-lazy-loading-init="1" loading="lazy" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/9QWej2YerVIP6SoduPFWeA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTE0NTM7Y2Y9d2VicA--/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/XbmOIAMbWRD4jREVtFGl.Q--~B/aD0xMzYyO3c9OTAwO2FwcGlkPXl0YWNoeW9u/https://media.zenfs.com/ko/magazine.bnext.com.tw/a365a9b52bde99603adb56338d43347e" style="animation: 100ms ease 0s 1 normal none running fade; border-radius: 8px; border: none; height: auto; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; left: 240.3px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translate(-50%, 0px); vertical-align: bottom;" /></div></div></div><div class="caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image"><figcaption class="caption-collapse" data-id="m-5" style="color: #767d84; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 5px 0px;">PChome執行長蔡凱文2 圖/蔡仁譯攝影</figcaption></div></figure><h3 style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;">沒想過接班,全心耕耘集團願景</h3><h2 style="font-size: 1.77em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.8em 0px;">布局新商模,他走向「後詹宏志」時代</h2><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">詹宏志在2020年6月接受媒體採訪時,曾透露將準備啟動退休計畫。儘管這位台灣電商教父現階段仍時常代表PChome發言,也依然是董事長,但不久的將來,這份重擔也將漸漸落在蔡凱文的肩頭上。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">蔡凱文回憶起進PChome後首度與詹宏志密集開會的時期,「那時剛開始做24小時到貨,一開始成績並不好,正要轉型的時候。」當時,蔡凱文是電子商務部的協理、主要看3C線,並不是24小時到貨服務所涵蓋的產品,但PChome正嘗試從日常用品(Fast Moving Consumer Goods,簡稱FMCG,快速消費品)轉型納入數位產品。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">「那時候只覺得死定了,怎麼做得到。」但實際運作一年,3C產品24小時到貨漸有起色,而後也成為PChome的核心服務。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">如今,詹宏志帶頭擘畫PChome的未來藍圖,在新商業模式孵化、成熟以前,集團將走過一段轉型陣痛期。這也是蔡凱文提到「這兩年會特別痛苦」的原因,集團願景將由他來一步步實現,今年他也陸續找來了新任投資長、策略長、技術長等高階經理人助力。</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">面對未來詹宏志退休,蔡凱文怎麼看自己的職涯規畫?他卻答「從沒想過接班」,反而是默默地禮賢納士,為集團一個個位置陸續補上強手,就像他在PChome的每一年,都逐一面對挑戰、沉穩地布局:「我就是把藍圖做好,任何一個後面接手的人,都可以繼續做下去。」</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">最新11月號雜誌《台灣生技新版圖》馬上購:<a class="link rapid-noclick-resp" data-ylk="slk:傳送門" href="https://www.shopbnextmedia.com/products/bnmm00330" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; color: #188fff; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">傳送門</a><br />「電子雜誌」輕鬆讀:<a class="link rapid-noclick-resp" data-ylk="slk:傳送門" href="https://www.shopbnextmedia.com/" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; color: #188fff; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">傳送門</a></p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">責任編輯:吳佩臻、林美欣</p><p style="color: #232a31; font-size: 1.385em; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em;">更多報導<br /><a class="link rapid-noclick-resp" data-ylk="slk:momo迎戰雙11!積極佈局的物流將迎年度最大挑戰,拚一週內緩解大塞車" href="https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/65880/momo-1111-2021?utm_source=yahoo_news&utm_medium=bnext_news&utm_campaign=rss_feed" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; color: #188fff; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">momo迎戰雙11!積極佈局的物流將迎年度最大挑戰,拚一週內緩解大塞車</a><br /><a class="link rapid-noclick-resp" data-ylk="slk:PChome網頁介面改版啟動!五倍券讓雙11提前開跑,電商巨頭如何迎戰?" href="https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/65550/pchome-web-ui?utm_source=yahoo_news&utm_medium=bnext_news&utm_campaign=rss_feed" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-color: transparent; color: #188fff; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">PChome網頁介面改版啟動!五倍券讓雙11提前開跑,電商巨頭如何迎戰?</a></p></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-20754809834499813792021-04-10T15:53:00.002-07:002021-04-10T15:53:12.746-07:00皮耶·布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu):「社會場域」與「五種資本」<div><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">皮耶·布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu):「社會場域」與「五種資本」</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8255099632017032407" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 578px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8E%84" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;">皮耶·布迪厄</a>,一</b>位來自法國的社會學家,總是積極投入各種社會運動和議題,可說是個非常重視公共責任的實踐派;對於布迪厄的生平和著作,筆者就不在此贅述(自己做功課!),且讓我們用最簡單的方式,透過筆者的整理,快速掌握他所提出的理論工具吧。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"> =====================以下是非常精簡的分隔線=====================</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S2y2GoUNQmI/VIM78RyHTxI/AAAAAAAABQM/vT5uUWsK-ng/s1600/%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #336699; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S2y2GoUNQmI/VIM78RyHTxI/AAAAAAAABQM/vT5uUWsK-ng/s1600/%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D2.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="512" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 布迪厄將我們所生活的社會空間稱為「<b>場域(Field)</b>」,在「<b>場域</b>」裡頭,共有四種資本在流動,分別是:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b> 1、<span style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</span>(Economic Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b> 2、<span style="background-color: #93c47d;">文化資本</span>(Cultural Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b> 3、<span style="background-color: cyan;">社會資本</span>(Social Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b> 4、<span style="background-color: magenta;">象徵性資本</span>(Symbolic Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 此外還有凌駕於四種資本之上的第五種資本:「<b><span style="background-color: orange;">權力資本</span>(Power Capital)</b>」。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: large;">這五種資本分別代表什麼東西呢?</span></u></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b>1、經濟資本(Economic Capital):</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 各種經濟資源(有價票劵、動產、不動產、珍稀資源等等),都屬於經濟資本。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b>2、文化資本(Cultural Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 無論是受過的教育、通曉的技能、擁有的知識(必須要達到有人願意和你進行資本互換的水準),都屬於文化資本。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b>3、社會資本(Social Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 就是所謂的「人脈」,你的朋友就是屬於你的社會資本,同時你也是被朋友擁有的社會資本,此種資本是五種資本當中,唯一具有相互性、共有性的資本類型。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b>4、象徵性資本(Symbolic Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 個人的名望、信用、在某方面受到的認同,都屬於象徵性資本。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b>5、權力資本(Power Capital)</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 凌駕於場域及四種資本之上,擁有權力資本者,可以自由調動上述四種或部分種類的資本,甚至可以制訂資本與資本之間的互換規則,依其擁有的權力資本之多寡而定。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: large;">資本之間如何互換?可以舉例嗎?</span></u></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 1、小朋友去上學,就是由爸媽付出<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>,去換取孩子的<b style="background-color: #93c47d;">文化資本</b>。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 2、資訊系畢業以後,在科技公司上班,這是用自己的<b style="background-color: #93c47d;">文化資本</b>去換取<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 3、月底沒錢吃飯,跟朋友借錢,則是用<b style="background-color: cyan;">社會資本</b>去換取<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 4、免費教鄰居家的小孩寫功課,這是用<b style="background-color: #93c47d;">文化資本</b>去建立和鄰居之間的<b style="background-color: cyan;">社會資本</b>。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 5、公司請名人代言產品,就是以公司的<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>去換取名人的<b style="background-color: magenta;">象徵性資本</b>,並且</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 期待能為公司賺取更多的<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 6、國家調整學費,即是運用<b style="background-color: orange;">權力資本</b>,去制訂<b style="background-color: yellow;">經濟資本</b>和<b style="background-color: #93c47d;">文化資本</b>的互換規則。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 7、族繁不及備載,請自行舉一反三。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 身處場域中面對不同種類的資本時,所採取的應對、互換策略,就是所謂的「<b>生存心態(Habitus)</b>」;一個人的生存心態之優劣,會直接影響他的生命品質、人生成就,可謂是最須慎重以待的重要議題。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 只要擁有良好積極的生存心態,就算在人生開場時拿了一手爛牌,也永遠都有翻身的機會,而這段辛苦向上的過程,也將成為智慧的泉源,灌溉自己,也灌溉著下一代。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> 話至此,你是否對自己的人生有什麼新的想法呢?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; 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Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-5215890803115625362021-04-10T08:54:00.005-07:002021-04-10T19:08:27.847-07:00《布赫迪厄論電視》Sur la television《布赫迪厄論電視》Sur la television 一個透過「場域」概念的解讀 <br /><br />高譜鎮(南華大學教育社會學研究所研究生) <br /><br />「我仍希望這些分析能提供工具或武器,給所有為了如下理想而奮鬥的影像從業人員:讓媒體成為一種民主公器,而不是成為形象符號的壓制手段。」 Pierre Bourdieu<br /><br />壹、Bourdieu的學術軌跡<br /><br /> 原是一個出身法國西南邊緣地區的一個鄉下青年,之後進入巴黎知識份子的核心體系,卻又不遺餘力地批判「國家精英」的核心,Pierre Bourdieu在法國社會學界不僅以理論見長,更關切當代的社會議題,與既存體制保持批判的距離,並積極參與社會運動,繼承了自Sartre、Foucault以來知識份子的社會實踐傳統(蔡筱穎,2000)。<br /><br />Bourdieu的學術生涯開始於在阿爾及利亞從事人類學方面的研究,1960、1970年代他的研究以「文化」為主軸,其論著中突顯出不同階級都有其對文化、意識型態、代表性的各自偏好,卻與階級息息相關。Bourdieu批判「文化民主化」最具代表性著作之一,《秀異:品味判斷的社會學批判》,探討了六○至七○年代的法國人形形色色的品味/生活風格,顯示他們如何以消費、教育及品味/生活風格的展現,來塑造他們的階級身分,並將這些過程概念化,Bourdieu細緻地分析有關品味和階級之間的關係並依據社會階級形繪出一種以經濟資本與文化資本為經緯的生活風格座標圖,竭力揭露出法國社會中所產生的文化錯覺,後來的事實發展也證明,法國的文化政策也逐漸修正為朝向滿足不同階層對文化藝術的需求為目標的多元化取向(蔡筱穎,2000)。<br /><br /> 1968年五月風暴的學生運動之後,Bourdieu開始反省其自身所處的教育體制與學術環境,《再製》、《學術人》、《國家菁英》是他對支配現代社會的權力、知識份子、政治、官僚體系、經濟生產關係所做的研究,Bourdieu認為學校教育是服務於優勢階級,經由在性別之間、支配者與被支配者之間文化資本不平等的分配、再製的秩序(蔡筱穎,2000)。Bourdieu開啟對教育和學校傳統概念批判的教育社會學,無異成為再製理論研究典範的大師之一。<br /><br />在關懷知識份子的角色問題上,Bourdieu也是一位身體力行的知識份子,除了實踐個人的批判理念,也強調投入社會改造。在1988年10月的法國,在數以百計的藝文人士的帶領下,得到二十萬人簽名,要求電視戲劇在播放中不能插播廣告,要求公共頻道完全不能播放廣告,經費應全部取自執照費與徵收自私營頻道的廣告收入,這個活動的發起人之一,就是Bourdieu(蔡筱穎,2000)。<br /><br /> Bourdieu認為,哲學與社會科學的文化生產的場域,現在已經由新聞場域取代,而執行這場轉換的,主要是透過身跨兩個場域的人,他們的身影並不確定,錯落在新聞場域與專業場域之間。他們利用雙重身份的優勢,躲開兩界的特定要求,但是卻將取諸兩界的或多或少的權力,引進彼此(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br /> 場域、習性和資本是Bourdieu社會學理論的中心概念,Bourdieu在《論電視》這本書中,就是以場域的概念來批判新聞和電視的(蔡筱穎,2000)。 <br /><br /><br />貳、從關係的角度進行思考-Bourdieu的場域理論<br /><br />一、概念的關係性<br />在說明Bourdieu的「場域」概念前,必須先瞭解Bourdieu對於概念的用法是一種開放式概念(open concepts)的使用,他提醒說,只有通過將概念納入一個系統之中,才可能界定這些概念,而且設計任何概念都應旨在以系統的方式讓它們在經驗研究中發揮作用,給概念下定義的時候,只能在這些概念所構成的理論系統中,而絕不能孤立地界定它們。概念的真正意涵來自於各種關係,只有在關係系統之中,這些概念才獲得它們的意涵。這是一種從關係的角度進行思考的技術,而Bourdieu用場域的概念也正是要實現這一點。Bourdieu在解釋場域的邏輯時指出,場域概念的思考,是一個關係的思考,真實就是一種關係,存在社會世界裡的是關係,並非作用者之間的相互主觀的聯繫或是相互作用,而是存在著,如馬克思所言,「除了自覺和個人意志之外」的客觀關係(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。 <br /><br /><div>二、「場域」概念的內涵<br /> 「場域」(champs)是Bourdieu探討行動主體和結構之間關係的工具,對Bourdieu而言,「場域」乃是由各種社會地位和職務所建構出來的空間,其性質決定於這些空間之中各人所佔據的社會地位和職務。不同的地位和職務,會使建立於職務佔有者之間的關係,呈現不同的網路體系,因而也使各種場域的性質有所區別。因此場域不能被化約為孤立行動主體的單純聚合,或只是並列元素的總合,像磁場一樣,它是權力軌道所構成的系統(Bourdieu,1997)。在某一既定時間裡,行動主體的體系決定其特定的結構;同時,每一個行動主體亦由其在場域中的特定位置來界定,由此而產生其位置的屬性(建構的結構論和結構的建構論)。<br /><br /> 以概念的發展而言,場域乃源自「社會空間」的概念。Bourdieu以「社會空間」來指涉社會世界的整體概念。社會空間就像市場體系一樣,人們依據不同的特殊利益,進行特殊的交換活動;而社會空間是由許多場域的存在而結構化的,這些場域如同市場一樣,進行多重的特殊資本競爭(des capitaux specufiques)。包括經濟、文化、社會和象徵資本。Bourdieu認為,人類活動的目標在於各種不同資本的累積和獨佔,以維護或提升在場域中的地位。因此社會生活本身即是一種持續的地位鬥爭,而每一場域乃成為衝突的地方,由於場域中每一行動主體,都具有特定的份量和權力,因此場域也是一種權力的分配場(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br /> 從建構的觀點而言,Bourdieu場域的建構係以客觀關係的結構為基礎,以解釋具體的互動形式。並以此思考工具應用到各種不同的場域。Bourdieu認為所有的場域在結構和功能都具有異體同形的現象,具有明顯的啟發作用,而得以類比。依此種方法,對涉及不同宇宙實證研究的理論原則,不同場域的歷史和結構法則,可以高度的類化(generalization)和形式化(formalization)(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br /> 因此,場域可視為地位結構的空間,而其地位與彼此的關係是決定各種資本或資源的分配,場域是個鬥爭的場所,涉入其中的行動主體均試圖維繫或改變資本的分配形式。對所有的行動主體而言,不管其目的為何獲成功的機會有多少,必然分享某種根本的前提,即所有的參加者皆相信它們所玩的遊戲,以及他們進行鬥爭的賭注價值。場域或遊戲的存續乃預設對此遊戲和其賭注全部且無條件的投資,與實際和未質疑的信仰(illusio,即一種遊戲的形式或遊戲前所必需的「幻象」)。因此,場域中的鬥爭行為,往往預設所有鬥爭參與者的共謀(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br />三、遊戲的類比<br />Bourdieu在用「場域」概念來理解社會世界時,經常用「遊戲」來做類比性的解釋,將一個場域比做一種遊戲。無論什麼時候,都是參與遊戲者之間力量關係的狀況在決定某個場域的結構。遊戲者的形象就好像是,面對一堆不同顏色的符號標誌,每一種顏色都對應一種他擁有的特定資本,與此相對應的是他在遊戲中的相對力量,他在游戲空間中的位置,以及他對遊戲所採取的策略性取向;他所採取的每一步行動,都既取決於他手裡符號標誌的總數,也取決於這堆符號標誌的組成狀況,這也就是說,取決於他擁有資本的數量和結構。更準確地說一位遊戲者的各種策略,以及確定他的遊戲的各種因素,既是在所考察的時刻他的資本的數量和結構的函數,和這些因素向他所保證的遊戲機會的函數,也是這一資本的數量和結構隨時間而演進的函數,在與客觀機會的確定分配之間久已形成的關係中所構成的習性的函數(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br />此外,在遵守遊戲的默契規則和再製遊戲及其利害關鍵的先決條件的情況下,遊戲者可以通過參與遊戲來增加或維持他們的資本,即他們擁有的符號標誌的數量;但他們也同樣可以投身遊戲之中,去部分或徹底地改變遊戲的固有規則,如不同顏色符號標誌的相對價值或不同類型資本的兌換比率;辦法可以是運用各種策略,以極力貶低作為對手力量之所在的那種資本形式的價值,而努力維持他們自己優先擁有的資本種類(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br /><br /><br />四、場域理論與系統理論<br /><br /> 表面上場域理論與系統理論(system theory)有許多的類似,但其中仍有相當的差異之處:<br /><br /> 1.場域的概念排除了功能論和有機論。<br /><br /> 2.場域並非由部分組成,彼此協調一致;事實上每一個場域都有其自己的邏輯與規則。<br /><br /> Bourdieu描述場域及其特性的用語,如市場、資本、利潤等,係經濟學語言的借用,但他並非以狹義的經濟學概念來分析場域。事實上,Bourdieu分析互動的形式不只限於經濟的交易,而比經濟化約論更複雜也更圓熟,所依賴的也非僅是有限的經濟邏輯。因此場域分析必須避免單純的經濟邏輯,於是欲理解文學或藝術生產場域所賭注的利益,必須重新建構文學或藝術場域與經濟、政治場域的關係。如此一來將可以發現文學或藝術場域的自主性愈高,則場域中的行動主體則愈被導向非金錢和非政治目的。因而愈具有「無私欲的利益」的假象。事實上,文學或藝術生產無私欲的表現,外貌上似乎與商品和權力的世俗世界是對立的,但這並不意味著利益是中立的,相反地,它意味的只是更容易在純淨美學的面紗下隱藏其利益(邱天助,1998)。<br /><br /> 因此,對Bourdieu而言,無論是政治、哲學、宗教及科學,都是場域分析的體裁。所應注意的是,在各個場域鬥爭中,有相當大的程度是取決於在場域中取得正當的構成地位的那些人,如政治學者、哲學家、等等。它們壟斷著披著合法暴力的外衣,控制著場域中的鬥爭及其策略文化走向。也就是說,Bourdieu的「場域」概念提供廣泛的討論舞台,也確認了競鬥的領域。另外,Bourdieu的場域分析也揭露了被排除在場域之外者的無力感,因此Bourdieu才主張「反思社會學」是宰制結構可以逐漸獲得修正的唯一途徑(邱天助,1998)。 <br /><br /><br />五、場域分析的必要步驟<br /> Bourdieu指出從場域角度進行分析涉及三個必需的且內在關連的環節。</div><div>首先,必須分析與權力場域相對的場域位置。</div><div>其次,必須勾畫出行動者與機構所佔據的位置之間的客觀關係結構,因為在這個場域中,佔據這些位置的行動者或機構為了控制這一場域所特有的合法形式的權威,相互競爭,從而形成種種關係。</div><div>第三個不可缺少的環節,即必須分析行動者的習性,亦即千差萬別的性情傾向系統,行動者是通過將一定類型的社會條件和經濟條件與以內在化的方式獲得這些性情傾向的。<br /><br /> 在方法論上,各種位置的場域與各種立場的場域(基於客觀位置的主觀態度的場域)密不可分,也就是說,與行動者的實踐與表達所構成的、受結構形塑的系統密不可分。不論是客觀位置的空間,還是主觀立場的空間,都應該放在一起分析。不過,在平常的狀況下,位置的空間仍然傾向對於立場空間發揮支配的作用(Bourdieu & Wacquant,1998)。<br /><br />六、Bourdieu對文化生產場域的分析<br />Bourdieu曾經詳細分析文化場域的一些普通特質。從Bourdieu的觀點而言,文化場域是由不同角色功能且彼此相互關連的行動主體和機構所組合而成,其工作劃分如文化貨物的生產者、再製者和傳播者等。文化貨物除了本身是商品有其商業價值之外,任何文化客體也是一種象徵貨物,具有特殊的文化價值。依其考慮的優先性是象徵或經濟價值,Bourdieu將文化生產的場域依象徵貨物市場的概念分成兩個部分(邱天助,1998):<br /><br />1.限制生產場域(the field of restricted production):<br />在限制生產場域中經濟利潤是次要的,其重點在增加產絣的象徵價值,與孕育和累積生產者和消費者的象徵資本。限制生產場域本身相當的封閉,享有高度的自主性,自行發展自己生產及其產品評鑑的規準。但生產者仍然必須以其作品的公眾意義與其本身的關係來界定自己。這種意義的生產是在流傳與消費的過程中獲得文化的認定而來的。<br /><br />2.規模文化生產場域(the field of large-scale culture production):<br />大規模文化生產場域的產出幾乎不以象徵價值的尺度來衡量。其產品相當短命,就像日常經濟貨物一樣。與限制生產場域相反的,其生命係操縱在非生產者和非競爭者的消費者身上,產品只在符應外界的需求。<br /><br /> 每一個場域,幾乎都會受到更大社會的衝突所影響,但也有其自己的邏輯,因此任何對場域的影響都會經由場域本身的結構而加以折射。例如一個知識份子與特定階級的關係由其在知識場域中的位置而傳達,亦即每一場域有其不同程度的相對自主性。在學術界中一個學門的產生和成熟是自主化的過程,一個成熟的學門必需度過認識論或社會的危機,在此時期中其對社會和文化影響的感受性可能增強(他律性原則與自主性原則的雙重作用)(邱天助,1998)。 <br /> <br /><br />參、另一種象徵暴力機制的揭發-Bourdieu的《論電視》<br /> 在世紀末,Bourdieu的《論電視》一書,不僅關切電視的社會功能,更層層描述知識份子、政治人物、記者和政論節目主持人等共組的「電視新聞場域」的內情,掀開了螢光幕後的劣質性,讓廣大的讀者見識到隱藏在深層結構的另一面。
<br /> 在本書「舞台及其幕後」這一部分中,Bourdieu主要著眼說明,對於電視媒體的批判性解讀,不能只限於注意到政治、經濟力量在控制與審查上的表象作用。Bourdieu認為”批判只是最起碼的感知,但簡單的批判只會隱藏這些無形的、看不到的機制,這些機制作用在所有秩序的審查上 ,使這些審查製造出使電視成為一個維持象徵秩序的巨大工具。”電視台更由於強調包含影像、獨家、戲劇性與收視率的商業競爭原則,因此越來越與闡述公共事務的主題背離,忽略公民行使民主權利所需的確切資訊,大量報導新奇、聳動、暴力的社會新聞。”不過Bourdieu提醒大家,罪不在記者個人,真正影響媒體言論環境的是媒體組織、消息來源等一系列的機制,強加在新聞工作者的制約。由於這些力量影響,使得表面上看來充滿競爭的媒體環境,其實各電視台新聞的內容卻越來越單一化,新聞工作者順從於相同的限制,舉辦類似的民意調查,接受同一批廣告客戶,像鏡子遊戲般,一個事件會在相互反射的同時,出現在每一面鏡子上,媒體互相解讀,也彼此為對方加上鎖鍊,製造出一個巨大的禁區效果,所以電視上出現的新聞議題,幾乎是一種沒有主體性的選擇,往往是自我設限、不具挑戰性、因循苟且與去深度思考的。Bourdieu接著又詳細的描述新聞性節目中一系列不明顯地審查機制的操作,包括主持人的干涉角色與人員邀請的配置,實際上都造成了壓制和扭曲的效果。電視新聞記者以超乎尋常的支配力量,選擇與塑造所謂的公眾人物,不符合電視臺的選擇偏好,不能配合電視媒體要求的方式以進行快速思考的學者與專家,他深刻的思考就無從讓觀眾接觸到(Bourdieu,2000)。
<br /> 在本書「不可見的結構和它的效用」的部份中,Bourdieu試圖開始引用「新聞場域」(champ journalistique)的概念,要瞭解電視媒體發生的一切,就必須考量到組成新聞場域結構之客觀力量的整體關係(Bourdieu,2000),他指出,近年來在新聞的場域裡,電視媒體趨向變成經濟性和象徵性的支配者。在新聞場域中的媒體組織,靠它們在社會世界裡的重要性,在生產的工具和大規模播放訊息的工具上,掌握了壟斷事實的權力,並透過這些工具,控制普通的公民,也控制其他文化生產者、學者、藝術家、作家相互接觸的機會,其影響性一直延伸到所謂的「公共空間」。但這個位置(即記者們所占有的)卻與他們擁有的知識價值不成比例。此外,在電視新聞場域裡,並沒有發現有相等於科學場域裡某種被小心遵守的內在規範,能使得那些要違反遊戲規則的人將因此得到懲罰,或使得那些適應遊戲規則的人得到同業們的肯定。Bourdieu進一步指出,電視在當代知識界與文化界正發揮一種反智、犬儒、平庸化的力量。學<br />術圈也越來越重視媒體的裁判,學者的聲望不是靠學術權來加冕,而是必須藉由迎向媒體,建立排行榜上的高知名度,賣弄膚淺的學術術語及「被認可的概念」,放棄思考的自主性,變成一個無所不可與談的萬事通。在這樣的結構下,電視危害之深,就不僅限於對公民生活、政治文化的壓抑,將其自己經由收視率來裁判的商業制約邏輯強加在其他的場域上,更由於媒體不斷僭越本身的位置,以與「敵人」(其他場域內的共犯)合作的細緻操作方式,進一步侵犯了學術文化生產場域的自主性(Bourdieu,2000)。
<br /><br /><br />肆、跨越界線的身影-對電視新聞場域邏輯的分析 <br /><br />一、新聞場域的形構<br />Bourdieu對於電視新聞場域的分析,其所著力的焦點在於找出使得電視新聞場域愈加服從於市場要求的種種機制,而這個機制首先就作用在對記者(或是具有知識份子身份的記者)的影響上,其次,這個影響又透過記者們,在一定的程度上,以相當類似的方式作用在文化生產的各種場域中(如司法、文學、藝術、科學)。Bourdieu認為,在對這個結構的制約進行探討的時候,必需避免掉入兩個對立的錯覺,一個是認為這些現象是全新的從未發生過的,另一個是認為這些現象只是老生常談(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br />但Bourdieu並不諱言,現今新聞媒體的此種情況在一定程度上具備一些史無前例的特徵,尤其在強度和規模上,電視發展出的影響施加在所有文化生產的場域裡,無論在廣度和深度上,都遠遠大於在過去工業革命之後出現工業文學所帶來的大發行量的報刊和連載故事所造成的影響。新聞場域對文化生產的場域所施加的一系列影響,在內容及形式上,都依賴新聞場域本身的結構。談到一個記者本身的自主性層次,首先他是依靠在幾個媒體機構的寡占局面下生存,其次,他所屬的媒體在業界裡的位置,也就是在「知識份子的」和「商業的」兩極之間,再者,在媒體機構內他所擁有的個人位置(薪資、職位),最後是他個人的資訊自主生產能力的因素(在某特定領域的專業知識與能力)(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br />另外,說到政府的決策機構威權本身,不僅它們能夠經由運用經濟限制來施加對媒體的影響,而且也經由所有授權合法化資訊壟斷的控制,特別是官方消息發佈來源;這些壟斷提供政府的權威和提供行政當局,作為對付記者的鬥爭武器,但在另一邊,新聞媒體則嘗試要操縱政府官方資訊的掌握者,以企圖獲得資訊和獨家發表權(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br /> <br /><br />二、新聞場域的屬性(機制作用)<br />一如其他文化生產的場域,新聞場域也是一個有特殊邏輯的文化場所,它經由彼此制約和控制而體現出來,使記者接受並相互影響,和因此遵守這個邏輯,以奠定了專業信譽的聲望。但事實上在新聞場域裡,是很少有存在著關於違反這個場域邏輯的懲罰,例如譴責媒體在報導時不去引述新聞消息的來源。這已經成為一種普遍的傾向,除非會有發生法律糾紛的顧慮。<br /><br />通過直接發行量或收視率的間接認可,新聞場域是隨時順服在市場的意見制裁下的,敏銳於「收視率指標」的記者,通常佔據一個較高的職位,相反的,較年輕和較少被制約的記者是較傾向反對這些「職業」要求的規則和價值觀,反對他們的「前輩」較現實或較犬儒的要求(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br />新聞場域裡的特殊邏輯被傾向生產極端不持久的產品,特別注重生產新聞,亦即是採取一種為了獲得最新最獨家新聞的優先權競爭形式,就這一點來說,是非常商業導向的。事實上,這些被新聞媒體追逐和喜好的獨家新聞,在吸引觀眾上,如同一張「王牌」,賭的是讀者或觀眾的未知與在競爭中記者必要的察覺力。在新聞場域的機制和結構下,為獨家優先權的競爭,而傾向在速度的原則和永久的競爭循環上,進行新聞場域的專業日常工作,這個新聞工作節奏促使記者只做短暫的思考,而在評價一種訊息的時候,是依時間性做判斷,因而有利於閱聽大眾的永久性遺忘與只對新奇、煽動的事物有興趣,而且使閱聽大眾養成依據新聞「新鮮度」的位置,來評判新聞場域生產者和產品好壞的習慣(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br />新聞場域中媒體之間的競爭促使對競爭對手進行一種相互間永久的偵察監視,如此做的目的,一來是為了自競爭對手的失敗中獲益,同時避免他們的錯誤,二來是為了抵制對手的成功,同時嘗試借用它們成功的工具。別人已發現的主題不能不做,甚至相互爭奪記者。因為如此,這個場域的競爭方式自動地遠離多樣性和獨創性的生產,往往只傾向於促進提供一致性的生產(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br />Bourdieu認為電視新聞場域中還有一個非常強勢的機制作用,即在電視這一個順服於市場制約最多的媒體,其以擁有直接和完整的傳播工具,將他們自己的選擇強加在整個新聞場域上,在保守意義的價值下,指導所有的生產,例如在定期的排行榜上(著作書籍),被記者支持而列入在暢銷名單中的,首先都取決於這個約定俗成的作者,同時是有「可靠名望」,常保持作品會暢銷的作者,以及長期以來都是最佳銷售的古典作品。這已不是單純個別記者工作的產出,而是其背後新聞場域結構特徵的作用影響(Bourdieu,2000)。 <br /><br /><br /><br />三、新聞場域的僭越<br />在越來越順服於直接或間接商業邏輯的統治下,一個新聞場域由於自身影響力的強化,連帶地使這個商業邏輯傾向於威脅文化生產不同場域的自主性。新聞場域的影響運作在文化生產(哲學、社會科學)上,主要是透過處於記者場域和專業場域之間,一個不明確點的文化生產者的介入而起作用。這些具有知識份子身份的記者利用它們的雙重屬性,逃避兩個圈子的特殊要求,和彼此引進它們自己在另一個場域中或好或壞令其滿意的權力,因而這就促成兩個主要效果:一方面造成文化生產的新形式,這個新形式是游移在學院裡的深奧理論和記者的公開主義之間,很難被明確定義,亦即是降低了專業場域的進入標準;另一方面,以擴大聽眾為藉口,特別是經由這些雙重身份的人之批評判斷,提供了從知識權威到市場認可的一個表面膚淺的裁決,同時強化了從消費者到一些新主張範疇的自發性傾向。以上的這些效果強加了一種文化生產的評估原則,這個新形式的評估原則趨向於強化類似像收視率的指標或最佳排行榜的名單,並作用於文化生產的驗收上,而且也間接地影響文化生產自身在選擇上朝向要求最少和賣得最多的產品,這就讓人想到一種經常被利用在雜誌銷售上的廣告用語:「這是一本高水準和所有人都能看得懂的科學雜誌。」(Bourdieu,2000)<br /><br /> 最後,Bourdieu舉出司法場域的例子,做一個加強的說明,司法人員自認為完全依據它們的判決並未受到外界干擾的自我信仰,是以永恆的原則做出判決。但事實上是如此嗎?Bourdieu認為這些司法人員不自覺地體現一種集體的偽善,實際上他們並沒有完全脫離社會勢力的制約並且也被滲透了,就如同在其他場域中的社會作用者一樣(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br /><br />伍、代結論:進入的權利和出去的義務-一種解決的策略<br /><br /> “彰顯記者們所受到的不可見箝制以及對文化生產者領域的影響,並不是去揭發主事者或是去找替罪羔羊。這應該是嘗試讓各方能經由主觀努力,從這些機制的桎梏下解放出來,並且進而提供一個行動計畫,聯合藝術家、作家、學者和記者們,傳播工具的壟斷者;只有經由這樣一個合作,將可能有效地工作,使分享研究的最普遍成果成為可能,以及,就實際而言,開始普遍化這些進入圈子的條件。”</div><div><br /> Pierre Bourdieu <br /><br />在理解上文之前,Bourdieu認為必須先要有這樣的思考:進入一個經驗豐富的學術生產場域是需要文化和經濟的條件,就像人們不可能用「公民投票」的方式來解決科學問題,因為假使這麼做(即用所謂的民意調查來決定對學理的詮釋與應用),很可能就同時了消滅科學生產所必須的條件。所以應該要保護科學或文化藝術社群的入口柵欄,抵禦來自外面不恰當且不專業的市場評價,以及抵抗對文化生產場域規則破壞性的突然侵入,這麼做是為了普及大部分先進科學或藝術研究中最珍貴的成就與質疑和挑戰傳播工具對這種科學或藝術資訊的壟斷-即被新聞場域的獨佔掌握(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br /> 人們可能會誤會,Bourdieu怎麼會採取具有保守意義的菁英主義論述,事實上正好相反,他是為了避免菁英主義和蠱惑人心的宣傳不斷出現與為了維護人類最高創造的生產和傳播放送的必要條件。當務之急,必須著手去做的,就是改善文化生產場域太低太多的進入權與必須強化出去的義務。換句話說,必須捍衛圈子(文化生產場域)進步必要的生產條件,同時也要積極從事普及化進入圈子的條件,使得越來越多的人具備必要條件,而擁有深度的概念。為了擁有傳播放送的良性條件與為了具備傳播工具、方法的所有權,在小堡壘(新聞場域)裡的生產者(記者們)必須和知識份子們及各個專業場域的團體結合奮鬥,以一種集體的力量,針對商業競爭邏輯的結構制約進行脫離與鬥爭,使接收者(閱聽大眾)能接收到一種目的是提升他們接收層次的教育(Bourdieu,2000)。<br /><br /> Bourdieu提到,在十九世紀,法蘭西共和體制的創建者曾說,教育文化的目標,不是僅僅知道讀、寫、算,以成為一個好的工人而已,而是擁有必要的方法,以成為一個好的公民,能夠瞭解法律,能夠瞭解和保衛他的權利,教育文化必須對身為公民所應具備知識和其他概念的取得能力的條件進行普及化(Bourdieu,2000)。在我們今天看來,這不也正是所有的民主社會所共同追求的普遍理想嗎?<br /><br />陸、參考書目 <br />蔡筱穎譯(2000)《布赫迪厄論電視》,台北:麥田。<br />李猛 李康譯(1998)《實踐與反思:反思社會學導引》,北京:中央編譯出版社。<br />邱天助(1998)《布爾迪厄的文化再製理論》,台北:桂冠。<br />包亞明譯(1997)《布爾迪厄訪談錄:文化資本與社會煉金術》,上海:上海人民出版社<br /></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-45184285282224935242021-04-10T08:04:00.004-07:002021-04-10T08:05:55.433-07:00打破沉默:“沉默的螺旋”理論再思考打破沉默:“沉默的螺旋”理論再思考<br /><br />陳宏波<br />2012年11月12日<br /><br />摘 要:沉默的螺旋理論自誕生以來便受到了中外學者的廣泛關注,毀譽不一。然而,批評者往往因犯同語反復的錯誤,或因觀點之間的相互矛盾,或是自身觀點的模棱兩可而無法予沉默的螺旋理論以有力的回應。為了避免方法論上的形式主義和工具主義,本文自覺將場域理論導入,從同一個場域內“沉默的螺旋”可能發生的變異、不同場域中“沉默的螺旋”的表現、不同場域的相互作用對“沉默的螺旋”的影響三個維度重新檢視了沉默的螺旋理論。最終發現,沉默的螺旋並不是唯一的一種可能,意見之間的相對博弈均衡也是有可能存在的。從長期來看,更是如此。<br /><br />關鍵詞:沉默的螺旋﹔意見氣候﹔場域理論﹔場域﹔博弈<br /><br />一、理論回顧:“沉默的螺旋”的提出<br /><br />20 世紀 70 年代,德國傳播學家伊麗莎白‧諾埃爾‧諾伊曼( E‧Noelle‧Neumann) 在對歷史進行研究的基礎上,經過多年的民意調查和實証研究,提出了一種描述輿論形成的理論假設“沉默的螺旋”理論。其基本內容是:當人們想要表達自己觀點的時候,如果自己所贊同的觀點受到廣泛支持和討論,就會積極地參與進來,形成強大勢力並影響其他人。相反,如果自己所贊同的觀點不被重視和支持,甚至會受到相反意見的攻擊,人們會保持沉默。意見一方的沉默造成另一方意見的增勢,如此循環往復,便形成一方的聲音越來越強大,而另一方的聲音則越來越沉默下去的螺旋式發展過程[1](見圖1)。概括起來,這一理論由以下三個命題構成:<br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q8qT16rnISQ/YHG-TTVERqI/AAAAAAAAKFM/nqDe6pEtQ6A7fXos-dZjPpt-26ipA-SewCLcBGAsYHQ/s548/MAIN201211121519000526529730210.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="548" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q8qT16rnISQ/YHG-TTVERqI/AAAAAAAAKFM/nqDe6pEtQ6A7fXos-dZjPpt-26ipA-SewCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/MAIN201211121519000526529730210.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><br />第一,個人意見的表明是一個社會心理過程。諾伊曼提出了關於沉默螺旋的五個基本假設:其一,社會運用孤立恐懼來對付偏離的個體﹔其二,個體感受到持久的孤立恐懼﹔其三,由於孤立恐懼,個體不斷嘗試評估意見氣候﹔其四,評估的結果首先在公開場合影響個體的行為,尤其是透過彰顯或隱藏自己意見的方式,例如:發言或沉默﹔第五個假設即連結以上四個假設並解釋民意形成、辯護及改變的狀況。<br /><br />第二,意見的表明和“沉默”的擴散是一個螺旋式的社會傳播過程。也就是說,一方的“沉默”會造成另一方意見的增勢,使“優勢”意見顯得更加強大,這種強大反過來又迫使更多的持不同意見者轉向“沉默”。如此循環,便形成了一個“一方越來越大聲疾呼,而另一方越來越沉默下去的螺旋式過程”。<br /><br />第三,大眾傳播通過營造“意見氣候”(opinion climate)來影響和制約輿論。輿論的形成不是社會公眾“理性討論”的結果,而是“意見氣候”的壓力作用於人們懼怕孤立的心理,強制人們對“優勢意見”採取趨同行動這一非合理過程的產物。<br /><br />二、“沉默的螺旋”理論面臨的挑戰<br /><br />“沉默的螺旋”理論自創立以來,得到了中外學者的廣泛關注,甚至被中外絕大多數傳播學者奉為無可懷疑的定律。但與此同時,質疑沉默的螺旋理論的聲音也不絕於耳。他們的質疑主要從以下兩個方面展開。其一,由模型的基本假設所引發的質疑。麥奎爾和溫德爾認為諾依曼的五大假設或許還不夠,“沉默的螺旋”理論要想奏效,尚需滿足:一是個人不能相互交流私人意見時,這個理論才能成立﹔二是媒介意見和受眾觀點具有特定的一致並產生過預期的意識積累,持不同意見的人才能出現“沉默的螺旋”[2]。美國的卡茲(1981)、馬丁(1986)和日本的池田謙一(1986)等,也對這個假說進行了較系統的理論探討和實証考察。其后,格萊恩(Glynn,C)、奧茨曼(Ostman,R)和麥克道奈德(McDonald,D)也旗幟鮮明地發表了他們的觀點:其一,諾依曼過分強調了人們對孤立的恐懼這個動因,其實意見表達后面利益的期待這一動因,超過了對孤立的懼怕。其二,對問題的了解程度也是人們決定是否公開表態的重要因素﹔其三,諾依曼論証中忽略了公眾所在社團、群體在調解更大社會影響中的角色[3]。陳力丹[4]基本上也主要從這三個維度質疑“沉默的螺旋”理論。S‧莫斯考維希等進一步考察了這個群體的構成,認為群體合力中的“中堅分子”(the hard core)表現出意志的堅定性、主張的一貫性和態度的強烈性,可對“多數派”產生有力的影響,甚至可以改變群體合力(合意)並推動新的合力形成。這是與“沉默的螺旋”不同的另一種輿論形成過程,即由少數人意見向多數人意見演變的輿論機制。其二,另一種較有影響力的質疑聲主要觸及“沉默的螺旋”實現的層次以及實現的范圍。劉建明[5]認為沉默螺旋不僅不是普遍規律,而且在意識形態沖突的社會將完全失效,代替沉默螺旋的則是輿論背反模式。謝新洲[6] 嘗試通過實証研究的方法,驗証“沉默的螺旋”假說在互聯網環境下是否依然適用。他的研究結果顯示,“沉默的螺旋”並沒有在網絡空間裡消失﹔同時鑒於網絡傳播的特質和我國現階段網絡媒體受眾的歷史階段性特點,其表現方式也出現了相應的變化。周宏剛、原源等學者並不是很贊同這種觀點。尤其是在網絡時代,“變幻的螺旋”也許才是社會輿論形成的真實寫照。周宏剛[7]認為網絡的匿名性特點消解了“沉默的螺旋”理論所描述的輿論形成機制,沉默將不再擴散。在這方面,原源[8]走得更遠,他指出在網絡時代,“變幻的螺旋”也許才是社會輿論形成的真實寫照。<br /><br />事實上,這些批評都牽涉模型的基本假設,大多數的研究聚焦於“沉默的螺旋”的過程是否存在,並得出了不同的結論。這對於“沉默的螺旋”理論來說,雖是一種挑戰,但更是一種機遇。因為任何一種理論的解釋力都是有限的,它唯有不斷地發展自己,才不至於被人們所拋棄。但是,我們必須看到,無論是由於“中堅分子”的堅持而導致沉默的螺旋的逆轉,還是如原源所指出的在網絡環境下“變幻的螺旋”或許才更接近現實,都無法對沉默的螺旋理論構成強有力的挑戰。因為他們在某種程度上只是“沉默的螺旋”的一種同語反復,他們只是從另外一個角度証明了諾依曼的觀點罷了。至於其他學者在網絡環境下對沉默的螺旋的重新審視也因為他們觀點的模棱兩可或者相互矛盾而失去了力量。唯一能夠確定的是,沉默的螺旋理論在某些條件下的式微是不可否認的事實。<br /><br />三、場域理論重新檢視下的“沉默的螺旋”<br /><br />以往的社會科學研究在方法論上主要存在兩種范式,即內部視角——形式主義與外部視角——工具主義。形式主義完全忽視了研究對象所受到的社會約束與社會壓力,陷於研究對象自治的烏托邦。沉默的螺旋理論在某種程度上正是犯了這種錯誤,它似乎將意見的形成過程看作是一個自主、封閉和功能自治完備的體系,而吝於將意見的雙方所置身的廣闊的社會背景納入考量。而工具主義則忽視了研究對象本身的自主性。為了克服這兩種視角分割的局限性,布爾迪厄借助整合的視角創立了場域理論。他說:“我將一個場域定義為位置間客觀關系的一網絡或一個形構,這些位置是經過客觀限定的[9]。”布爾迪厄的場域是由社會成員按照特定的邏輯要求共同建設的,是社會個體參與社會活動的主要場所,是集中的符號競爭和個人策略的場所。在布迪厄看來,場域作為一種社會空間,具有自主性和相對獨立性。這種相對獨立性既是不同場域相互區別的標志,也是不同場域得以存在的依據。場域的自主性與獨立性表現為不同的場域具有不同的“邏輯和必然性”,即“每一個子場域都具有自身的邏輯、規則和常規”,這些邏輯和規律不可化約為其他領域的決定因素。當然,每個場域的自主性是不同的。場域的自主化越低,外在影響將會更多的進入,社會力量和世俗力量將會更多的滲透。此種場域,邊界往往模糊不清,特殊化程度不高。例如,政治場域就是布爾迪厄所謂的自主性差的場域,而科學場域恰好與之相反。布爾迪厄進一步指出,場域的自主化只是相對的,沒有徹底的自主場域。這是因為:(1)分化的不完全,場域的分化后總留有其它場域一些影響﹔(2)逆分化的產生,所謂逆分化,指場域在分化后一種反分化方向的運動,是場域間的“分融”,即場域發生內部分裂,分裂過程中部分地融入其它場域中並發揮作用。至此,對於布爾迪厄的場域我們應該已經有了一個比較宏觀的認識。下面,我將運用布爾迪厄的場域理論對“沉默的螺旋”重新進行檢視,主要涉及三個方面:同一個場域內“沉默的螺旋”可能發生的變異﹔不同場域中“沉默的螺旋”的表現﹔不同場域的相互作用對“沉默的螺旋”的影響。<br /><br /><br />(一)同一個場域內“沉默的螺旋”可能發生的變異<br /><br />不難看出,諾依曼所謂的沉默的螺旋是可以放在某個具體的場域中的。那麼,我們不妨按照諾依曼的分析思路來展開我們的討論。我們知道,擁有自己獨立觀點的人畢竟是少數。當他們想要表達自己觀點的時候,他們首先會評價一下意見氣候。如果自己的觀點與大多數人的一致,那麼他們將積極地參與討論。反之,他們則選擇沉默,以避免被優勢意見群體所孤立。但是,正如布爾迪厄所指出的那樣:場域是集中的符號競爭和個人策略的場所。根據博弈論的觀點,個人在進行策略選擇的時候,必然會考慮到自身的成本和收益。大多數行為的背后都暗藏著損失最小化或者收益最大化的考慮。當他們的意見表達明顯關涉到他們的利益的時候,事情可能就不像諾依曼想象的那麼簡單了。隻有在個人因表達觀點被孤立給他們帶來的損失大於他們表達自己觀點所帶來的收益大,或者個人因表達觀點被孤立給他們帶來的損失比他們選擇沉默所造成的損失大時,他們才會選擇沉默。也隻有在這種情況下,沉默的螺旋理論才比較有可能奏效。<br /><br />(二)不同場域中“沉默的螺旋”的不同表現<br /><br />布爾迪厄筆下的場域是各種各樣的,每一種場域不僅有它獨特的行事邏輯,而且每個場域的自主性也是不同的。一般來說,自主性強的場域遵循的是“是非”邏輯,自主性弱的場域遵循的是“敵友”邏輯。相比於自主性強的場域,“沉默的螺旋”更有可能發生在自主性弱的場域中。Andrew F.Hayes[10]對意見環境的實驗控制証實了這一點:敵對性意見環境比友善性意見環境造成了更多的意見表達規避策略。下面,我們以一些具體的場域為例來進一步說明這一點。在所有的場域中,科學場域可以說是自主性強的場域,而政治場域則是自主性弱的場域。當然,我們還可以將科學場域進一步細分為自然科學場域和社會科學場域。在自然科學場域中,由於研究結果的相對客觀性和可重復性,因此,當存在兩種不同的意見時,經過科學的論証,最終要麼是有一種觀點被驅逐,要麼是兩種觀點各有其適用范圍,總之很難出現諾依曼所謂的“沉默的螺旋”,從長期來看更是如此。至於社會科學場域,則往往是幾種觀點並存,它們各自在一定的條件下發揮作用,誰也無法完全取代誰。此時,意見之間的博弈均衡或許比“沉默的螺旋”更適合用於為其注解。我們再以自主性較弱的政治場域為例。從表面上看,“沉默的螺旋”理論似乎很契合這種場域。然而,由於每個政治場域的規則等的差異,“沉默的螺旋”理論的解釋力也會有些不同。我們以美國為例。在美國的政治場中,共和黨和民主黨長期以來都扮演著重要的角色。其中,共和黨主張小政府、減稅、強軍、自由貿易,限制非法移民,反對同性戀婚姻、墮胎權,反對限制持槍權等。而民主黨的政見基本上與之相反。也正是因為這種相反,因此,他們一開始就獲得了不同選民的支持。根據蓋洛普民意調查公司2011年公布的民調結果,47%的美國民眾支持共和黨,而民主黨也得到了46%的支持率。他們都很清楚,民主黨和共和黨之間的博弈是一種重復性博弈,也就是說,即使這一次某個黨派競選失敗了,他還有可能在下一次的競選中獲勝。因此,當其中一個黨派競選失敗時,他沒有理由選擇沉默。相反,它仍在大聲疾呼。這也就造成了兩種意見的相對均衡,並沒有出現諾依曼所謂的“沉默的螺旋”。<br /><br />(三)不同場域的相互作用對“沉默的螺旋”的影響<br /><br />場域雖然具有相對獨立性,但這並不能排除場域與場域之間的相互作用。我們姑且假定在某一個場域中已經形成了諾依曼所謂的“沉默的螺旋”。少數意見者雖然害怕被孤立,但是他們的策略選擇並不隻有沉默一種,他們或許還可以選擇尋求來自於其他場域的支持,隻要其他場域是存在的,而且搜尋成本是他們可以接受的。一個很典型的例子就是達賴喇嘛。我相信達賴喇嘛也很清楚,在大陸,他的意見是弱勢的更是不受歡迎的,可以說,他暫時處於沉默的螺旋的低端。但是,他並沒有選擇沉默。而是採取了另外一種策略:到台灣、美國等與大陸持不同政見的地區去傳播他的言論,並獲得了廣泛的支持,我們暫且不論這種支持背后的動機是什麼。但是,其他場域確實對原來他所處的場域產生了作用:原來場域的空間范圍隨著他的言論的擴散擴大了。此時,原本“沉默的螺旋”也被激活了。當然,它並沒有表現為反轉的沉默的螺旋,而是處於一種博弈均衡,兩種意見都據有一定的市場份額。由此可見,不同場域之間的相互將對沉默的螺旋產生深刻的影響。<br /><br />四、基本結論<br /><br />概而論之,場域理論的觀照下“沉默的螺旋”將發生變形。具體說來,在同一個場域內,假設人是理性的,那麼“沉默的螺旋”隻有在個人因表達觀點被孤立給他們帶來的損失大於他們表達自己觀點所帶來的收益大,或者個人因表達觀點被孤立給他們帶來的損失比他們選擇沉默所造成的損失大時才會發生作用。在不同的場域中,由於規則、自主性等方面的差異,“沉默的螺旋”理論也會表現出比較大的差異。在不同場域之間相互作用是可能的條件下,“沉默的螺旋”理論也將受到挑戰。基本上可以這樣說,“沉默的螺旋”與不同意見之間的非合作博弈均衡這兩種情形在短期內將同時存在,而從長期來看,后者將更加具有解釋力。(作者系:中國地質大學政法學院)<br /><br />參考文獻:<br /><br />[1][德]伊麗莎白‧諾埃爾‧諾伊曼.大眾觀念理論:沉默螺旋的概念[A].常昌富,李依倩.大眾傳播學:影響研究范式[C].北京:中國社會科學出版社,2000:140.<br /><br />[2][英]丹尼斯‧麥奎爾.[瑞典]斯文‧溫德爾著.大眾傳播模式論[M].祝建華,武偉譯.上海:上海譯文出版社,1987:93-94.<br /><br />[3]Theodore ‧Lewis ‧Glasser,Charles ‧T 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Public opinion and communication of consent[M]. NY: The Guilford Press,1995:265-266.<br /><br />[4]陳力丹.媒介對輿論的社會控制機制———沉默的螺旋[J].國際新聞界,1998 (1):46-48.<br /><br />[5]劉建明.受眾行為的反沉默螺旋模式[J].現代傳播,2002(2):39-41.<br /><br />[6]謝新洲.“沉默的螺旋”假說在互聯網環境下的實証研究[J].現代傳播,2003(6):17-22.<br /><br />[7]周宏剛.沉默不再擴散——沉默的螺旋理論在網絡時代的變遷[J].東南傳播,2006(5):45-46.<br /><br />[8]原源.變幻的螺旋:社會輿論形成的復雜性與多樣性——網絡時代“沉默的螺旋”面臨的挑戰[J].山西師大學報(社會科學版),2011,38(2):152-154.<br /><br />[9]L.D.Wacquant. Towards a Reflexive Sociology: A Workshop with Pierre Bourdieu[J].Sociological Theory, 1989(7):39.<br /><br />[10]Andrew F. Hayes. Exploring the Forms of Self-Censorship: On the Spiral of Silence and the Use of Opinion Expression Avoidance Strategies[J]. Journal of Communication,2007,57(4):785–802.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-75114383510493797322021-04-09T23:10:00.002-07:002021-04-09T23:17:29.140-07:00從布迪厄的實踐理論看人類學田野工作從布迪厄的實踐理論看人類學田野工作 <br /><br />謝元媛<br /><br />摘要:布迪厄在批判客觀主義和主觀主義知識生產模式的過程中, 為了達到科學的知識生產, 創立了實踐理論。實踐理論通過慣習、場域、策略等概念超越了主客觀的對立, 發現了實踐活動生產的邏輯。關注與理論邏輯完全不同的實踐邏輯, 對我們把握科學的實踐具有方法論意義。實踐理論中的“反思”在確立與研究對象之間的科學關係方面, 成為指引人類學田野工作的強有力的方法論工具。<br /> <br /> <br /><br />關鍵字:實踐理論; 實踐; 反思; 田野工作; 知識生產<br /> <br /> <br /><br />法國著名社會學家皮埃爾·布迪厄一直致力於超越某些導致社會科學長期分裂的根深蒂固的二元對立。這些二元對立包括看起來無法解決的主觀主義與客觀主義知識模式間的對立, 結構與能動作用的對立, 及理論與經驗研究的長期脫節。布迪厄認為這些對立是人為造成的〔1〕, 他宣導社會理論與經驗研究的融合, 認為要想做到科學的社會研究, 必須要進行科學的實踐活動。布迪厄在反對學科分裂的同時, 體現出對社會學和人類學的共同關懷。通過田野工作的社會研究, 布迪厄逐漸摸索出一套能夠消解上述二元對立的概念工具和方法論手段, 創立了獨樹一幟的“實踐理論”。他的實踐理論使他繼塗爾幹之後將社會學再次提升到一個重要的學科地位, 受到各個學科領域的廣泛關注。布迪厄集中思考並詳細闡發了實踐的特殊邏輯以及將它從“邏輯的邏輯”區分出來的一切因素, 這一點不妨說是他對社會理論最偉大的發現和貢獻。其重要性我們才剛剛開始認識, 從哲學、語言學、美學到社會學的不同學科還要投入若干年的精力才能提煉出其全部含義〔2〕。布迪厄的實踐理論面向科學的實踐, 關注科學研究工作是怎樣展開的。從這個意義上看, 布迪厄的實踐理論對人類學田野工作起到了強有力的方法論支撐作用。<div><br /> (一) <br /><br />實踐理論( Theory of Practice) 作為一個概念, 布迪厄首先在他的《實踐理論綱要》(1977) 一書中提出, 繼而在他後來的《實踐感》(1980) 一書中對其進行深入分析。布迪厄自己曾經說過, 《實踐感》是對《實踐理論綱要》一書的續寫或修訂, 他在《實踐感》這本書中作了許多補充, 而且他重新整理了《實踐理論綱要》中所運用的大量資料和文稿。從而, 他認為自己在新書中更好地表達了實踐理論(Rubén UrbizagásteguiAlvarado 1994) 。 <br /><br />布迪厄在《實踐感》中做了兩大部分的工作: 一是在對其他理論進行批判性分析的基礎上提出了自己的實踐理論; 二是用自己的田野經歷來說明實踐理論中的實踐邏輯, 從而證明自己所進行的科學實踐。 <br /><br />布迪厄告訴我們, 他所要做的是要探討一套指導科學實踐的方法, 從而使人類學或社會學成為真正的科學(注1)。布迪厄認為要想真正做到科學的社會學, 獲取關於社會世界的真知, 就要有一套科學的路徑, 而現在的社會科學在認識方式之間的截然對立, 比如主客觀知識模式之間的對立、微觀與宏觀分析之間的對立、結構與能動作用之間的對立、符號分析與物質分析之間的對立, 以及理論與實踐之間的脫節等等, 明顯與社會事實不符, 社會事實是“一種被感知的存在”〔3〕, 社會事實是物件, 但也是存在于現實自身之中的那些知識的物件, 這是因為世界塑造了人類, 人類也給這個世界塑造了意義。因此, 這些對立導致生產出來的知識是片面的, 從而造成社會科學不是真正的科學。而要使社會科學成為真正的科學, 就必須消除這些認識方式之間的對立, 尤其是要消除主觀主義和客觀主義這兩種最根本的對立。布迪厄說: “社會學必須考慮到客觀上依附於它們的兩種資產: 一方面是像物理世界的任何事物那樣可以計數和度量的物質資產, 首先是身體資產;另一方面是象徵資產, 而象徵資產不過是當它們在相互關係中被感知和被評價時的物質資產, 也就是說它們是一些區別性資產”〔4〕。正是社會事實具有的這種“內在雙重性”要求我們超越上述對立, 既吸取每種社會解讀的長處, 又避免其毛病。大致來說, 客觀主義對應“社會物理學”的解讀, 而主觀主義對應“社會現象學”的解讀。 <br /><br />社會物理學的解讀方式是把社會看作一種客觀結構,可以從外部加以把握, 無視處於其間的人們的各自看法,只是從物質上觀察、測量和勾畫這種結構的關聯接合。這一立場是客觀主義的、結構主義的。它去掉了主觀行動者對實踐的解釋, 只是把人當成機器, 且不能解釋人類行為的原則、動機。其主要危險在於: 將一種理論上的模式直接認作現實。客觀主義只能消極地把握實踐, 最多只能用“學究”式的對實踐的思考來替代行動者的立場, 而這只不過是對分析者建構的模式執行操作而已。所以說客觀主義所揭示的是一種“學究”的實踐觀, 而非真實行動者的實踐。“客觀主義缺少客觀性, 因為在它對實在事物的闡述中沒有納入實在事物的表像”〔5〕。然而, 布迪厄力圖創建的關於社會的唯物主義科學, 認識到行動者的意識和闡釋是社會世界完整現實的一個基本要素, 而不是把社會簡化為一個客觀結構。事實上, 每個人對世界都有一種實踐知識, 且會在自己的日常活動中運用這些知識。 <br /><br />與社會物理學的解讀方式相反, 另一種關注主觀主義或建構主義的解讀方式是社會現象學, 它把社會看作是個人決策、行動和認知的產物。它的長處在於認識到了世俗的知識、主觀的意義和實踐的能力在社會再生產中扮演了多麼重要的角色。但它否認客觀現實對人類實踐加以條件限制的影響, 它把每一個人類實踐當作理性選擇的產物。在布迪厄看來, 一種未經重構的社會現象學, 至少存在兩大問題。首先, 它將社會結構理解為只是個人策略和分類行為的聚合, 從而無法說明社會結構的韌性, 亦無法說明這些策略所維繫的或是加以挑戰的那些自然而客觀的構型。其次, 這種社會邊際主義也無法解釋現實的社會生產過程本身得以被生產的緣由及其所遵循的原則。〔6〕 <br /><br />總而言之, 布迪厄認為社會物理學和社會現象學的知識生產模式都有各自正確的一面, 但彼此分立、非此即彼, 都不能提供解釋人類行為產生的基礎, 而且掩蓋了人類實踐的人類學真相。布迪厄認識到“薩特人類學分析的意義在於使人看到, 客觀主義和主觀主義之間鬥爭的起因和焦點是人學對人亦即對科學的物件和主體的看法(可能因主體與科學之物件的客觀和主觀距離的大小而傾向於客觀主義或主觀主義) ”〔7〕。而要解決對科學物件和主體之間關係的看法問題, 就要避免陷入主客觀主義非此即彼的對立中, 就必須回到實踐中來, “因為實踐是實施結果和實施方法、歷史實踐的客觀化產物和身體化產物、結構和慣習的辯證所在”〔8〕。由此, 布迪厄創立了貼近實際的知識生產模式——社會實踐理論。這一理論將對立的知識生產模式綜合起來, 重新把握社會世界“內在雙重性”的本質。通過構建慣習、場域、策略等概念, 布迪厄的實踐理論超越了客觀主義和主觀主義的對立。 <br /><br />布迪厄所創造的兩個新概念——“慣習”和“場域”——構成了他實踐理論的支柱。“慣習”和“場域”概念是布迪厄按照他的關係主義方法論原則創造出來的兩個關係性概念。所謂關係性概念意味著它們只有在彼此的關係中, 才能充分發揮作用。一個場域由附著於某種權力(或資本) 形式的各種位置間的一系列客觀歷史關係所構成, 而慣習則由“積澱”於個人身體內的一系列歷史的關係所構成, 其形式是知覺、評判和行動的各種身心圖式。場域是諸種客觀力量被調整定型的一個體系(其方式很像磁場) , 是某種被賦予了特定引力的關係構型, 這種引力被強加在所有進入該場域的客體和行動者身上。慣習是一種結構形塑機制, 其運作來自行動者自身內部, 但慣習既不完全是個人性的, 其本身也不是行為的全部決定因素。慣習是外在結構內化的結果, 以某種大體上連貫一致的系統方式對場域的要求作出回應。慣習是創造性的, 能體現想像力, 但又受限於其結構, 這些結構則是產生慣習的社會結構在身體層面的積澱。〔9〕因為慣習是“外在性的內在化”〔10〕, 所以構成慣習的性情是嵌入於社會結構當中的。這樣說來, 慣習包含了人類實踐活動的客觀性和主觀性兩個方面。它是社會結構的決定性影響的主觀性體現。探討這些性情與客觀世界的相互作用, 探索個體與慣習之間的關係是非常重要的。慣習是無意識的, 而且, 慣習在我們的頭腦裡是活躍的, 產生決定我們行為的實踐邏輯。由此可見, 正是慣習概念避免了在機械決定論與自由決定之間做出非此即彼的錯誤抉擇, 也避免了在結構的行動和無意識的行動之間做選擇。〔11〕 <br /><br />在實踐中, 不是慣習本身產生了我們的行為, 而是它與場域相互作用產生的, 以獲得特定場域中可得到的資本形式為目的的行為“策略”產生了行為。在布迪厄的實踐理論中, 人類行為總是在某一場域中的各種關係中產生。 <br /><br />需要強調的是, 慣習與場域的相互作用產生的策略既不是主觀主義哲學有意識的選擇, 也不是結構主義的客觀論的規則或規範。也就是說, 我們沒有選擇我們的策略,而且我們的策略沒有作為規則來要求在特殊的環境中採取特殊的行為。所以, 布迪厄的實踐理論假定了一系列無意識的性情, 稱為慣習, 它由社會結構決定, 而且在它與場域相互作用的過程中, 產生追求場域中的資本和權力的無意識的策略。 <br /><br />布迪厄的實踐理論對他的方法論產生了強烈的影響。例如, 布迪厄非常關注社會行動場域的研究。布迪厄認為研究場域的三個必要步驟可以指導他的整個研究過程: 第一, “必須分析場域的位置和權力的場域”〔12〕; 第二, 必須仔細考量在場域中爭取權力和權利的行動者所佔有的關係的客觀結構; 第三, 場域的研究者必須分析與社會空間的每一個位置相關的慣習。就是採取了這個步驟, 布迪厄將研究從分析建構的結構和直接可觀察的行動者實踐轉向了那些行為下面蘊涵的動機或實踐的生成性原則。〔13〕 <br /><br />布迪厄方法論的另一個主要方面就是其反思概念。反思, 布迪厄不是指直接的自我檢查。事實上他非常鄙視自我中心的反思。其反思的目的是客觀地將研究者置於社會結構中, 且使他與研究的客體化的主體的關係客觀化。 <br /><br />需要強調的是, 在民族志研究中, 反思表現為一種觀察者和被觀察者之間的關係的客觀化。如果沒有這樣一種客觀化, 人類學家就會表明他們自己是在認識論上有特權的觀察者。而且, 與認識論的特權相對, 布迪厄宣導深層意義上的“距離化”, 就是“使(觀察者與被觀察者之間的) 客觀化的距離和造成該距離的諸如觀察者的外在性及其擁有的客觀化技術等社會條件客觀化”〔14〕。 <br /><br />布迪厄曾用自己的民族志研究案例來揭示人類行為產生的實踐邏輯。他運用統計學的方法發現: 被認為是柏柏爾人社會中的典型婚姻類型, 即與同輩堂姊妹的婚姻在統計上只是所有婚姻中的少數, 這導致他開始質疑結構主義。〔15〕在重新考慮卡比爾人的婚姻策略的時候, 他揚棄了以往人類學家的“俯視視點”, 因為這樣觀察到的結果是一種置身事外的客觀主義結果。布迪厄提醒人類學家的是, 關注行動者與社會世界的關係。由此, 他必然發展出一套社會世界中的關於常識實踐的理論。布迪厄的實踐理論通過慣習、場域和策略的概念, 向我們揭示了一直以來我們視而不見的實踐邏輯。 <br /><br />人們在實踐活動中, 尤其在儀式實踐中, 其活動很難用某種理性選擇或結構主義等理論邏輯來解釋, 布迪厄用了“實踐感”一詞來描繪人類行為無意識的前邏輯狀態。而實踐邏輯也就是實踐感的邏輯。這與我們通常所說的“理論邏輯”或者說“邏各斯的邏輯”非常不一樣。布迪厄認識到, 我們研究中經常犯的一個錯誤是, 往往把從實踐活動中歸納出來的理論模型當作實踐活動的真正原理,而他認為人類實踐行為產生的根源是因為“實踐邏輯”在起作用。布迪厄已經通過儀式實踐等案例分析告訴我們, 實踐邏輯是原本就存在的, 導致我們以往對實踐邏輯忽視的根源在於, 我們腦子中存在唯智主義的偏見( intellectualist bias) 。唯智主義偏見誘使我們把世界看作一個旁觀的場景, 一系列有待解釋的意指符號, 而不是有待實踐解決的具體問題。這就容易導致我們忽視這樣一個事實, 即我們幾乎對那些我們腦子裡已經存在的預設不加考慮, 而直接拿過來用, 這很可能錯誤地瓦解實踐邏輯, 使之消解於理論邏輯之中。而唯智主義使我們最容易忽視的一個預設就是, 觀察者與研究對象之間的關係問題。實踐邏輯則要求我們必須首先要將與物件的關係客觀化。布迪厄的實踐邏輯, 為我們的科學實踐活動提供了一種嶄新視角, 尤其對人類學的田野工作來說, 不僅為我們反思人類學田野工作提供了一種思想上的工具, 同時為我們展開科學的田野工作實踐提供了一種方法論上的指導。 <br /><br />(二) <br /><br />布迪厄的實踐理論啟發我們把進行田野工作的整個社區視為一個研究場域, 在整個場域中, 社區中的個體都有自己的慣習。他們的實踐活動靠自身內部的慣習與場域產生的互動作用而進行; 同時, 田野工作者也是這個場域中的一份子, 田野工作者也有自己的慣習, 他的實踐活動同樣是慣習和場域互動的結果。布迪厄的實踐理論讓我們警醒, 不光當地人的實踐活動是在場域中展開的, 而且調查者的科學研究也沒有離開這個場域。如果不是布迪厄的實踐理論, 我們很容易忽視調查者與研究物件之間的關係。 <br /><br />必須承認, 研究者與研究物件間存在著不可逾越的客觀距離。布迪厄告訴我們: “必須要做的, 不是施加魔法,也不是通過自欺欺人的原始主義的參與, 來取消研究者和本土居民之間的距離; 而是應將這種客觀化距離和使其成為可能的社會條件——諸如觀察者的外在客觀性, 他所使用的物件化技術等等——轉化為客觀研究的物件(即物件化) ”〔16〕。布迪厄實踐理論的反思性是一種新的思維方式,它讓研究者跳出自身, 重新審視與研究物件的關係。 <br /><br />這裡, 通過與<a href="Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press. 1977.p. 151, p. 155.">Rabinow</a>在《摩洛哥田野工作的反思》中的反思性作比較, 我們可以更好地理解布迪厄反思性的人類學價值。Rabinow“返歸”他的實地經驗, 集中在他與“他者”交往時的“自我”, 並關注洞察一種異域文化世界的田野工作中所隱含的道德方面的問題。他緊緊盯住觀察與參與的相互作用關係, 發現在喋喋不休地尋求“本真性”之後, 實無“本真”存在。於是他導向了這樣一個結論, 即“所有文化事實都不過是解釋, 而且是眾說紛紜的解釋, 這一點, 無論對於人類學家還是他們訪談的本地對象來說都是千真萬確的”〔17〕。 <br /><br />受布迪厄實踐理論中反思性的啟發, 我們可以意識到: 在拉賓諾的解釋學意圖同他進行訪談的本地物件所具有的實踐感之間, 存在著很大的差距。拉賓諾根本沒有注意到這種差距對人類學知識所具有的歪曲作用(唯智主義偏見的結果) 。他將實地研究展示為“具有一定限度交流方式的交互主體性的構建過程”〔18〕。這表明, 他陷入了學究思維方式的陷阱, 這種學究思維方式認為人類學家和本土居民在共同進行著解釋活動。(注2) 布迪厄認為使人類學者與本土居民彼此分離的, 並非像拉賓諾所宣稱的韋伯式的“意義之網” (webs of significance) , 而是人類學者的社會條件, 即他們與他們所考察的世界之內在特性間所具有的差異距離。這一差異距離就是布迪厄反思的物件。可以說, 布迪厄與拉賓諾對反思的差別是認識反思性與文本反思性的差別〔19〕。而布迪厄的這種反思能使調查者獲得的關於研究物件的知識更加貼近真相。 <br /><br />一般來說, 按照科學的途徑就能獲得科學的認識, 布迪厄認為科學的途徑就是實踐, “實踐感不可能脫離情境而空自運作, 這一事實決定了所有通過問題單進行調查的不真實性”〔20〕。人類學的田野工作就是通過實踐獲取知識, 因此, 在布迪厄眼裡人類學的田野工作相對於問卷調查來說是一種科學的求知途徑。關鍵問題是如何展開科學的人類學田野工作。 <br /><br />布迪厄實踐理論一再告誡我們, “與物件的正確關係是社會科學固有科學實踐的最具決定性的條件之一”〔21〕。因此我們要重視研究場域中的田野工作者與調查對象之間的關係, 使這種關係客觀化。在研究場域中, 調查者可以調用與研究對象之間的各種關係資本——經濟資本、社會資本和文化資本——建立起某種權力支配關係。這種權力支配關係可以讓田野工作者從訪談物件那裡獲得所需的知識。布迪厄提出了人類學田野工作的科學方法: “把外來者拉近, 又不使其喪失絲毫的奇異性, 因為它允許用最隨和的親近對待外來者的最大奇異性, 同時又強迫與最具個性的外來者保持一定距離, 即一種真正的佔有之條件”〔22〕。要客觀化這一“真正佔有之條件”, 就必須不斷反思我們的田野工作, 調查者應該較訪談對象更有意識地利用場域中的資本, 獲取對研究物件的知識支配權力, 從而能從研究物件那裡獲得更多的知識。田野工作未嘗不可視為是一種通過解除研究物件之警惕與抵抗, 保證支配性關係之建立, 保證研究物件的合作的手段。 <br /><br />需強調的是, 這種求知上的權力支配關係與道德無關, 也不等同於個人人際關係上的支配性關係, 這是由一種社會結構及人們的社會預期不同而構建起來的限於求知上的支配性關係〔23〕。此關係只是一種獲取知識的條件。 <br /><br />結合田野工作實踐, 可以看到布迪厄實踐理論對人類學田野工作的指導意義。田野工作的目的是獲取關於研究物件的知識。首先, 要確立研究物件。根據布迪厄的實踐理論, 研究物件, 不是個別的個體, 而是整個研究場域。田野工作者與場域中的個體進行訪談, 是為了獲取關於整個場域的知識, 是為了瞭解場域中的實踐。田野工作者與訪談物件之間的關係也是考察的物件, 因為這屬於獲得知識的客觀條件。 <br /><br />根據實踐理論, 田野工作者必須建立起權力支配關係才能獲得知識。必須首先承認是課題經費支撐了田野工作者與所關注的物件之間這種研究關係的建立。課題經費可以讓田野工作者不給當地政府群眾增添任何經濟負擔而進入研究場域, 而且在對調查物件進行勞務付費和禮物的饋贈中, 更容易建立起良好的關係, 增進瞭解和感情。但是, 有時錢可能損壞這種權力支配關係。例如, 給被訪者支付勞務費, 有時可能會使他過分“積極”; 有時則可能使他感到自己僅僅是被當作獲得資訊的管道, 因此自尊的受訪者反而可能拒絕合作。尤其是在田野工作者剛剛進入田野的時候, 所調查的社區是一個場域, 場域中的人對外來者往往會保持一種戒心、疑心, 並因此會拒絕合作。這實際上是抵抗田野工作者試圖建立的那種支配性關係。因此, 田野工作者不得不求助於另外的資源來保證作為其調查瞭解情況之前提的支配關係。 <br /><br />為了調查順利進行, 為了獲得信任和合作, 田野工作者可以調動其它類型的資源。比如在筆者的田野工作經歷中就利用了與當地學校合作的關係, 首先與當地大學建立友好合作的關係, 因為當地大學的校長是被調查鄉所在縣的黨委書記的同學; 然後給被調查鄉捐贈電腦, 即通過關係資本(同學關係) 、物質資本(電腦) 建立起良好關係。另外, 還用到了象徵資本, 比如, 作為博士生, 我們受到鄉政府的重視, 也受到當地老百姓的信任而被請到鄉小學和家裡給孩子們輔導功課。 <br /><br />有過田野經歷的人普遍認同這樣一個難處, 如果當地人不知道田野工作和他們有什麼利害關係, 他們不會像田野工作者希望的那樣積極予以配合, 因為當地人沒有任何必要同一些與他們沒有絲毫關係, 不可能給他們帶來任何直接利益而唯有可能帶來麻煩的人交往。例如, 在最初進入田野的時候, 由於怕當地百姓對借助地方政府權力或經濟勢力與其接觸抱有偏見, 所以我們沒有動用任何關係,只是作為學校學生做課題調查的身份進入。當時當地人就說: “為什麼政府不接待高等學府的學者?”“你們做的事情要是有意義, 當地政府早就敲鑼打鼓地歡迎你們了。”無疑, 不動用那些資源, 反而造成當地人對我們的輕視和不信任, 知識自然無從獲取。當當地人聽說我只是一個學生時, 露出了非常沒興致的神色, 說“還以為你是記者呢, 你要是記者, 就跟你說說, 你又不是, 和你說了也沒啥用。”看來, 調查對象能否提供調查者想要的知識還在於調查者是否能滿足調查物件的某些要求。由於動用了與政府的某些聯繫, 當地百姓以為我們有什麼權力或能力,或者能幫他們解決什麼實際問題, 而開始主動向我們反映情況, 力圖讓我們幫他們達到其目的, 可是他們反映的情況有時候不是我們需要的。於是, 調查者與訪談物件之間始終在一種博弈關係中爭奪獲取知識的支配權。調查者自己的一言一行實際上也都在別人的觀察之下; 在另一種意義上, 調查者也成為了他人的研究和調查物件。 <br /><br />相對於具體的調查技巧(諸如通曉當地語言, 參與性觀察, 尊重當地的風俗習慣, 不要給被調查者帶來不利後果, 也不要給被調查者帶來不合理的“獲利”預期, 要有可信賴且熟悉當地風情的“內線”等等) , 布迪厄的實踐理論給予我們的是方法論上的指導。例如, 他啟發我們將研究場域確定為田野工作的研究物件, 提醒我們注意調查者與調查物件之間的客觀距離, 告訴我們反思調查者自身所處的客觀條件。通過布迪厄的實踐理論, 我們認識到人類學田野工作也是一個知識生產的過程, 我們是通過實踐去理解實踐, 從而獲得關於實踐的科學知識。需要強調的是, 這種科學知識的獲取只有經過扎扎實實的人類學田野工作, 必須通過一步一步不斷的反思才能達到。簡言之,獲得知識的過程就是這個進入場域和研究對象的實踐過程, 是這種支配性關係形成的過程。 <br /><br />“如何才能既不誇張又無須以事後重建的方式談及自己長期從事的工作, 而這項工作又逐步改變了對行為和社會世界的全部看法, 從而有可能‘觀察’用以前的看法完全看不出來的全新的事實”〔24〕? 做到這點, 只需認識到布迪厄實踐理論中提出來的實踐邏輯。布迪厄在《實踐感》中表達了實踐的內在邏輯與學院知識的邏輯(理論邏輯)之間存在著一種裂縫(前者在時間上被嵌入, 在空間上被定位, 它是即興的、模糊的、自我無意識的, 等等; 後者脫離行動, 從作為行動的區隔性特性中擺脫行動, 以此消除內在的含糊不清和模棱兩可) 。他認為對於理論姿態自身, 其可能性的種種社會條件以及它作為實踐活動如何影響調查研究這些問題, 我們如果有意識地努力理論化, 並對它們加以反思性溯源和分析, 這種裂縫就可以得到彌補。〔25〕布迪厄對實踐邏輯和理論邏輯之間裂縫的彌補並不讓人滿意。在田野工作的實踐中觀察到了實踐邏輯, 如何通過語言的形式訴諸書面而又符合理論邏輯, 這還是一個需要繼續探討的問題。但無論如何, 布迪厄的實踐邏輯賦予我們的新型思維方式可以指導我們進行科學的田野實踐, 這一巨大貢獻是顯而易見的。 <br /><br /> <br /><br />注釋: <br /><br />注1:布迪厄反對社會科學的截然分裂, 他提倡總體性社會科學, 可以說他的社會學就是“總體性的社會科學”, 因此在他那裡, 社會學和人類學是不分的, 都是使理論建構與經驗工作徹底融合的科學。 <br /><br />注2:其實, 本土居民只是按照無意識的實踐邏輯進行實踐活動, 而不需要解釋活動, 如果要他們做出解釋, 他們往往是按照人類學家給出的已有的民族志研究成果來解釋, 實際的田野工作中這樣的情況屢見不鮮。 <br /><br /> <br /><br />參考文獻:<br /> 〔1〕〔6〕〔9〕〔16〕〔19〕布迪厄, 華康得. 實踐與反思——反思社會學導引〔M〕. 李猛, 李康譯. 鄧正來校. 中央編譯出版社, 1998. 30 - 31, 10, 17 - 19, 44 - 45, 81 - 82. <br /><br />〔2〕Wacouant. The Double - Edged Sword of Reason: The Scholarps Predicament and the SociologistpsMission. European Journal of Social Theory 2 - 3 ( Sp ring) : pp. 275 - 281. 1998. <br /><br />〔3〕〔4〕〔5〕〔7〕〔8〕〔10〕〔14〕〔20〕〔21〕〔22〕〔24〕布迪厄. 實踐感〔M〕. 蔣梓驊譯. 譯林出版社, 2003. 216, 216, 175, 69, 80, 83, 22, 142, 23, 232, 24. <br /><br />〔11〕Georges L iénard & Emile Servais. Practical Sense, Critique of Anthropology, no. 13 /14, 1979. pp. 209 - 219. <br /><br />〔12〕Wacquant, LoÇc J. D. Towards a Reflexive Sociology: A workshop with Pierre Bourdieu. Sociological Theory, no. 7: pp.26 - 63. 1989. <br /><br />〔13〕Robin Griller. The Return of the Subject? The Methodology of Pierre Bourdieu, Critical Sociology, vol. 22, no. 1, 1996. pp. 3 - 28. <br /><br />〔15〕Pierre Bourdieu. Fieldwork in Philosophy, in In Other words, Oxford: Polity Press. 1990. <br /><br />〔17〕〔18〕Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press. 1977.p. 151, p. 155. <br /><br />〔23〕蘇力. 法律社會學調查中的權力資源——一個社會學調查過程的反思〔J〕. 社會學研究, 1998, (6) : 29 - 38. <br /><br />〔25〕實地運用布迪厄——與Loic·華康得的對談(節選) 〔A〕. 朱國華譯. 文化研究: 第四輯〔C〕 <br /><br />來源:《社會科學研究》2005年第2期</div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-6994695122246201532021-04-09T20:31:00.021-07:002023-03-08T01:41:30.978-08:00關於Bourdieu「場域論」的大輪廓:窺探布迪厄的內心世界<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bxp7oSEFdbU/YHEv4QADy9I/AAAAAAAAKEQ/UQyazB2Oj9opYA16ONcG_UU1uqp-TCBagCLcBGAsYHQ/s899/a_fEVDEf_oA83ZBm9YSK10Oiay83VgiJyLaIksi2iJI.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="649" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bxp7oSEFdbU/YHEv4QADy9I/AAAAAAAAKEQ/UQyazB2Oj9opYA16ONcG_UU1uqp-TCBagCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/a_fEVDEf_oA83ZBm9YSK10Oiay83VgiJyLaIksi2iJI.jpg" /></a></div>皮埃爾·布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)是繼M·福柯之後,法國又一具有世界影響的社會學大師,他和英國的A·吉登斯、德國的J·哈貝馬斯一起被認為是當前歐洲社會學界的三大代表人物,他的思想和著述在國際學界廣受重視。Bourdieu稱得上學術雜家,他的社會學中融入了人類學、教育學、哲學、藝術、語言學、歷史、文化學等諸學科的內容,可謂包容豐富、錯綜複雜。一般認為,場域理論是他的基本理論,在其社會學思想體系中佔有最重要的地位。因此,本文試圖對Bourdieu的這一理論進行簡要的分析。<h3 style="text-align: left;">一、場域和資本</h3>對於場域(field)這一概念,Bourdieu這樣說過:<div>「<b><i>我將一個場域定義為位置間客觀關係的一網絡或一個形構,這些位置是經過客觀限定的。</i></b>」[1](P39)</div><div>Bourdieu的場域概念,不能理解為被一定邊界物包圍的領地,也不等同於一般的領域,而是在其中有內含力量的、有生氣的、有潛力的存在。Bourdieu研究了許多場域,如美學場域、法律場域、宗教場域、政治場域、文化場域、教育場域,每個場域都會連結一個市場,將場域中象徵性商品的生產者和消費者聯結起來,例如,藝術這個場域包括畫家、藝術品購買商、批評家、博物館的管理者等等。</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/angiemessina1/tunisia-morocco-algeria-culture-of-northern-africa/" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="卡拜爾人" border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="376" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--FvgCqa6eXc/YHFI7wZs3KI/AAAAAAAAKFE/KOUI18amP-8U9p7N61RMQHXb60IR1pBpQCLcBGAsYHQ/w143-h200/a334d26b50c52d7bbe2d1abdba907d7a.jpg" title="卡拜爾人" width="143" /></a></div><br />場域不僅是Bourdieu社會學理論的概念,也是他從事社會學研究的分析單位。Bourdieu選擇這一理論分析工具和分析單位是與他的研究方法分不開的。Bourdieu是從人類學邁入社會學殿堂的,他對人類學的方法情有獨鍾,在對<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA">Algeria Kabyles</a> (阿爾及利亞原始部落)研究中,他成功地運用了人類學方法。至於對法國現代社會的研究,要涉及兩個不同層次的問題:</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div>第一,能否使用人類學方法?</div></div><div><div><div style="text-align: left;">第二,如何使用人類學方法?</div></div></div></blockquote><div><div><div>Lévi-Strauss認為人類學的方法只適用於非現代社會,因為現代社會與非現代社會存在本質的差別。Lévi-Strauss區分了「冷社會」(cold society)和「熱社會」(hot society)兩種社會形態。冷社會中,「<b style="font-style: italic;">熵的存在處於很弱的結構,這種結構在0度下發揮功能,這裏的0度不是物理學的,而是指歷史的意義……這些社會沒有歷史。</b>」熱社會,「<b style="font-style: italic;">像我們的城鎮,有歷史,運行……有很高的溫度,更嚴格地講,有很大的分化,……這是由社會的差異性引起的。</b>」[2](P75-76)</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--a5_MmRP7ZU/YHFE1zbiagI/AAAAAAAAKE0/AeFaxrkgt7kMOd7VNNgUtnGnMoARVr9-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1884/bd5f9ac5d2fdfe493f8d18ceafb69b8a.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Claude Lévi-Strauss" border="0" data-original-height="1649" data-original-width="1884" height="175" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--a5_MmRP7ZU/YHFE1zbiagI/AAAAAAAAKE0/AeFaxrkgt7kMOd7VNNgUtnGnMoARVr9-wCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h175/bd5f9ac5d2fdfe493f8d18ceafb69b8a.jpg" title="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" width="200" /></a></div><br />Lévi-Strauss認為人類學方法只適用於冷社會,不適用於熱社會,他還用了「真實性」這一概念來補充討論這一問題,真實性是用來描述社會中個體間的關係,真實性的社會,反映了社會中個體成員間的面對面關係,也就是我們所說的互動的直接性。而在我們現代社會,人與人從時間、空間上被隔斷了,只能通過媒介、管理工具、觀念等來聯繫,列維—斯特勞斯強調只有真實的關係才可以成為人類學研究的對象。</div><div>Bourdieu早期研究深受Lévi-Strauss的影響,但隨着研究的深入,他對結構主義的思想提出了批評,在這兩個問題上也沒有妥協,他說:</div><div>「<b><i>沒有什麼能阻止我們將人類學的方法應用於現代社會中。</i></b>」[2](P75)</div><div>在具體的實踐過程中,<a href="Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press. 1977.p. 151, p. 155." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paul Rabinow</a>對他啟發很大,<a href="Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press. 1977.p. 151, p. 155.">Rabinow</a>選取了一個群體(法國的社會改革者精英),這個群體在20世紀20年代關心城區規劃,反對種族主義和階級壓迫,拉賓諾對這一群體進行了人類學的研究。Bourdieu由「群體」(group)這一研究單位擴大到「場域」,在場域中,群體佔據了位置,他的人類學研究方法正是依託於場域這個基本單位而展開的。<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O-sKOAzP_W8/YHFD3ANESII/AAAAAAAAKEs/0XJAQWHKTRof6NDrreB_SIgBUkoKGb7xgCLcBGAsYHQ/s415/330px-Paul_Rabinow_%25C3%25A0_l%2527Ecole_Normale_Sup%25C3%25A9rieure%252C_Paris.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Paul Rabinow" border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="330" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O-sKOAzP_W8/YHFD3ANESII/AAAAAAAAKEs/0XJAQWHKTRof6NDrreB_SIgBUkoKGb7xgCLcBGAsYHQ/w159-h200/330px-Paul_Rabinow_%25C3%25A0_l%2527Ecole_Normale_Sup%25C3%25A9rieure%252C_Paris.jpg" title="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" width="159" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br />場域是由社會成員按照特定的邏輯要求共同建設的,是社會個體參與社會活動的主要場所,是集中的符號競爭和個人策略的場所,這種競爭和策略的目的是生產有價值的符號商品,而符號商品的價值依賴於有關的消費者社會對它的歸類,符號競爭的勝利意味着一種符號商品被判定為比其競爭對象擁有更多的價值,並可將之強加於社會,Bourdieu稱之為「符號暴力」。他認為:</div><div style="text-align: left;">「<b><i>策略是實踐意義上的產物,是對遊戲的感覺,是對特別的、由歷史性決定了的遊戲的感覺,……這就預先假定了一種有關創造性的永久的能力,它對於人們適應紛紜繁複、變化多端而又永不雷同的各種處境來說,是不可或缺的。</i></b>」[3](P62)</div><div>所以,場域可被視為不定項選擇的空間,它為其中的社會成員標出了待選項目,但沒有給定最終選項,個人可進行競爭策略的多種搭配選擇,不同的人會出現不同的結果,在這些結果中,一方面可以體現出選擇者的意志,即個體的創造性,另一方面可體現出選題的框架要求和限制。<br /><br />我們說場域是充滿力量的,是指個體在場域中展開競爭,每一個場域中都有統治者和被統治者,而任何統治都隱含着對抗。在Bourdieu看來,甚至場域的確定和場域邊界的確定,都充滿着不同力量關係的對抗。他以個體間的互動來定義場域的界限,場域的界限是由場域自身決定的,沒有先驗的答案,「<b><i>場域的界限在場域作用停止的地方。</i></b>」[4](P98)</div><div>Bourdieu由此提出了資本(capital)這一概念:「<b><i>在場域中活躍的力量是那些用來定義各種『資本』的東西。</i></b>」[4](P98)</div><div>Bourdieu的資本概念不同於經濟學家所用的資本概念,他把資本視作積累起來的勞動(以物化的形式或「肉身化」的形式),這種勞動可以作為社會資源在排他的基礎上被行動者或群體所擁有。<br /><br />場域內存在力量和競爭,而決定競爭的邏輯就是資本的邏輯,一種資本不與場域聯繫在一起就難以存在和發揮功能。資本不僅是場域活動競爭的目標,同時又是用以競爭的手段。Bourdieu把資本分為三種類型:經濟資本、社會資本、文化資本。後來,他又補充了象徵資本。Bourdieu的資本概念是他的社會學宗旨的具體展現,他主張社會學家的任務就是要打破人們的錯覺,揭示社會生活的本質,他說過:</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">「<b><i>社會學家和歷史學家的職責在於對社會的運作進行科學分析……</i></b><b><i>既然有一個研究社會的科學(即社會學——作者加),它就不可避免地要發掘隱秘,特別是統治者不願看到的被揭露的隱秘。</i></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">」[5](P53)</span></div></div><div>他認為<span style="color: red;"><b>社會並不是一個簡單的賭場</b>,賭場是一種完全競爭的、沒有慣性、沒有積累、沒有對已有財富和特徵繼承的世界,賭場上每個賭徒面對着同樣的輸贏概率,機會是平等的。而社會不同於賭場,<b>社會活動也不同於賭博</b>,社會活動的參加者是以異質性的身份參與的,這異質性主要表現為他們擁有不同質或量的資本。資本在場域中不是平均分配的,資本是歷史積累的結果,是一種排他性資源,同時又是新一輪社會活動的起點,不同類型、不同數量的資本分佈結構,體現着社會的資源和權力結構,這種起點的不平均決定了競爭活動的不平等,所以,並不是每個人都會如願以償地實現自己的目標,但並不是每個士兵有同等機會成為統帥。</span><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">二、場域的自主化</h3>Bourdieu認為社會空間中有各種各樣的場域,場域的多樣化是社會分化的結果,Bourdieu將這種分化的過程視為場域的自主化過程。自主化實際上是指某個場域擺脫其它場域的限制和影響,在發展的過程中體現出自己固有的本質。為了說明場域的自主化,Bourdieu區分了一個給定的空間中的兩種「生產場域」,一種是「<b>限定的生產場域</b>」,另一種是「<b>大規模的生產場域</b>」。限定的生產場域是與場域本身的特殊化共同擴展的,而大規模的生產場域是社會場域的擴大,有更多的外在影響進入,社會力量和世俗力量更多的滲透,此種場域,邊界往往模糊不清,特殊化程度不高。在限定的生產場域中,生產是為了其它生產者即場域中的行動者和制度,這時,供給方同時也是需求方,限定的生產場域即自主化的場域,或者說具有自主性的場域。Bourdieu在經濟學的啟發下,研究了「<b>自主性的度</b>」。他認為,一個場域越是自主的,這個場域的生產者只為本場域其它生產者生產而不為社會場域的消費者生產的程度越大。這樣來看,<b>自主性最強的場域</b>是<u>科學場域</u>,其次是高層次的<u>藝術場域</u>,相形之下,<u>法律場域</u>較少自主性,而自主性<b>程度最低的</b>是<u>政治場域</u>。因為科學場域是自主化的典範,所以,Bourdieu指出,一個場域越是從社會場域和權力場域中獲得了自主性,這個場域的語言越具有科學性。一個場域中的競爭和策略不僅取決於符號商品的價值,還有此場域的自主性,<u>因為自主性強的場域遵循的是「<b>是非</b>」邏輯</u>,自主性<u>弱的場域遵循的是「<b>敵友</b>」邏輯。<br /></u><br />場域的自主化只是相對的,而沒有徹底的自主場域。這是因為:<br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div>(1)分化的不完全,場域的分化後總留有其它場域一些影響; </div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div>(2)逆分化的產生,所謂逆分化,指場域在分化後一種反分化方向的運動,是場域間的「分融」,即場域發生內部分裂,分裂過程中部分地融入其它場域中並發揮作用。</div></div></div></blockquote><div><div><span style="color: red;"><u>S·拉什</u></span>認為,Bourdieu的場域自主化揭示了社會發展的三個階段。</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div>第一階段是傳統的社會,這是個統一的無分化的社會;</div></div></div><div><div><div>第二階段是現代化社會,產生社會分化,場域自主化;</div></div></div><div><div><div>第三階段是後現代化社會,表現為社會的逆分化和場域的分融。</div></div></div></blockquote><div><div><div><br />場域的相對自主化成為社會政治統治的有利條件,使統治階級的統治方式由直接變成間接的,由外顯的變為隱蔽的。Bourdieu指出:「<b><i>任何支配,如果不通過使人們誤識作為支配基礎的任意武斷性,從而獲得人們的認可,就不能維持自身(的存在)。</i></b>」[6](P28)</div><div>場域在相對自主化的過程中,獲得了符號資本,這種符號資本能掩蓋權力關係和經濟統治的實際,使個體行動者在理解社會時發生「誤讀」,這種「誤讀」是有利於統治階級的。於是,教育、藝術品味、生活形式等等都成為統治的手段,自主性本身也為社會權力服務。在Bourdieu的研究中,他特別關注教育場域和權力場域的關係。<span style="text-align: center;">他說:</span></div><div><span style="text-align: center;">「</span><b style="text-align: center;"><i>可以肯定的是,有史以來,對權力和特權的傳遞問題所提出的所有解決方案中,確實沒有任何一種方式比教育系統所提供的解決辦法掩藏得更好,因而也更適合那些要一再使用最封閉的權力和特權的世襲傳遞方式的社會。教育系統的解決方式就是在階級關係結構的再生產中發揮重要作用,並在表面上中立的態度之下掩蓋它履行這一職能的事實。</i></b><span style="text-align: center;">」[6](P29)</span></div><div><br />我們也可以從Bourdieu的資本劃分中去領會場域的相對自主性這一問題。他的<b>文化資本</b>、<b>社會資本</b>、<b>象徵資本</b>並不具有經濟資本那樣的基本特徵,並不是真正意義上的資本,而只是體現了與經濟資本的相似性。例如,對於文化資本這一概念,我們不能因此將之作為一個經濟收入的源泉,並不象馬克思所說的那樣是一種能「帶來剩餘價值的價值」。<span style="color: red;">Bourdieu在隱喻的意義上使用資本概念,一方面承認社會空間中不同場域的自主性,另一方面(關鍵的方面)指出經濟與非經濟空間的簡單劃分是不準確的。人們傾向於認為在經濟場域中,個人追求金錢物質利益,而在非經濟場域中,每個人的行為是非功利性的,與經濟行為大相逕庭。</span>Bourdieu認為這是一種虛構的神話,實際的情形是:行為者在不同的場域追逐着不同的符號資本,在這一方面,所謂非利益的或者超功利的公正是不存在在的。所以,人們只有引進資本的所有形式,而不只是被經濟理論所承認的那一種形式,才能解釋社會世界的結構和作用。在狹隘的經濟學意義上使用私利的概念是不夠的,表面上不可買賣的東西也有它們的價格,「無價之寶畢竟還是以價格來衡量的」,商業交換隻是所有形式的交換中的一個特例。<span style="color: red;"><u>J·M·特納</u></span>也注意到Bourdieu在這方面的創見,<span style="color: red;">認為一旦資本這個概念被擴展,將象徵與社會資本包含了進來,以往那些所謂「非理性」的實踐,在我們看來已發生變化,不再是什麼非理性的了,而是遵循其自身的利益邏輯。</span><br /><br />Bourdieu透過「<b>場域的自主化</b>」找到了一個研究社會發展變化的<u>新視角</u>。以往的社會變遷理論特別是社會進化論,在強調社會進化的同時也強調社會的有機聯繫。<span style="color: red;">社會進化的過程是社會由低級到高級,由簡單到複雜的分化過程,這種結構分化伴隨着功能分化,原來單一結構的功能需要不同組成部分的多個獨立功能來共同配合和擔負。這樣,各部分之間的聯繫加強了,就象杜爾凱姆所謂的由「機械團結」到「有機團結」一樣,分化的各部分通過功能耦合結成了一個有機的整體。部分與整體之間緊密依賴、不可分割,就是在這個意義上,一般的社會變遷理論強調社會整體的發展。</span>而Bourdieu將場域的自主化作為社會現代化的一個重要標誌,表現出了對分化中的各場域的獨立地位和獨立價值的關注,指出在社會發展變化中,各場域有它自己本身的目標或「追求」,而不應單純地為總體社會的目標服務。<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">三、習氣</h3>習氣(habitus)是Bourdieu場域理論中的一個重要概念。對於這一概念,我們可以從以下幾個方面來理解:</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><b>第一,Bourdieu將</b>習氣<b>定義為一個持久的、可轉移的稟性系統。</b></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="text-align: left;">P·柯爾庫夫這樣來解釋這一定義:「稟性,也就是說以某種方式進行感知、感覺、行動和思考的傾向,這種傾向是每個個人由於其生存的客觀條件和社會經歷而通常以無意識的方式內在化並納入自身的。持久的,這是因為即使這些稟性在我們的經歷中可以改變,那它們也深深地紮根在我們身上,並傾向於抗拒變化,這樣就在人的生命中顯示出某種連續性。可轉移的,這是因為在某種經驗的過程中獲得的稟性(例如家庭的經驗)在經驗的其他領域(例如職業)也會產生效果;這是人作為統一體的首要因素。最後,系統,這是因為這些稟性傾向於在它們之間形成一致性。」[7](P36)</div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><b>第二,</b>習氣<b>在潛意識的層面上發揮作用,</b></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="text-align: left;">Bourdieu說:「習氣<b><i>這一方案將它們的特殊影響歸結為這樣一個事實:它們在意識和語言之下,內省研究或者意願控制之上發揮作用。</i></b>」[8](P466)</div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><b>第三,</b>習氣<b>還包括了個人的知識和對世界的理解,</b></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div style="text-align: left;">這就造成了與現實世界的「分離」,因為個人知識有一種對現實世界重構的力量。對於一個人的不同成長階段,或者不同時代的人們來說,知識類型是發展的,習氣也不是固定不變的。</div></div></blockquote></blockquote><div><div><br />習氣概念與場域概念一樣不是單純的理論演繹,而是Bourdieu在試圖理解<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA">Algeria Kabyles</a> 人的行為時產生的,也就是說,習氣概念是通過對卡比爾人的實地考察而得出的。Bourdieu發現,在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA"> Kabyles</a> 中間,社會規章不是被理解為一種不可及的理想或一種限制性的命令,而是存在於每一個人的意識之中,正義的基礎不被理解為一個形式的合理準則的系統,而是被人們一致地經歷、依照和體驗的。Bourdieu不僅從對<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA"> Kabyles</a> 人的觀察中提煉出習氣這一概念,而且將這一概念作為分析工具去進一步研究西方社會。在他看來,行動者於其中進行實踐活動的結構與個體化表現之間存在着一個聯結,這個聯結就是習氣。習氣是個體在實踐中形成的。反之,這種習氣又作用於人類的實踐活動。習氣使人的生活表現出極大的隨意性,然而這種隨意性的背後是結構化的作用,正如熊比特所認為的,如果人類不把絕大多數的日常行為融入習慣,並且把這種習慣傳承下去,那麼社會將無法維持哪怕是一天的正常生活。</div><div><br />對於場域與習氣之間的結合,Bourdieu打過一個生動的比喻,他將場域比作一場遊戲,將習氣和另一個概念資本比作遊戲中的王牌。Bourdieu認為,這兩個概念(習氣和資本)為場域中的參加者規定了可能的本質屬性,這些王牌決定了遊戲的形式和結果。Bourdieu說過:</div><div>「<b><i>場域和</i></b>習氣<b><i>之間的關係體現在兩個方面。一方面,<u>它是一種客觀存在的制約關係</u>:場域構造了</i></b>習氣<b><i>,這是一個場域的內在需要的外顯產物;另一方面,<u>它是一種認識的構建關係</u>:</i></b>習氣<b><i>將場域構建成一個有意義的、有價值的世界,在其中值得個體的能量為之投資。</i></b>」[4](P127)</div><div>對於它們關係的兩個方面,Bourdieu作了補充:</div><div>「<b><i>第一,認識的關係依賴於客觀的關係;第二,社會科學有必要為場域的……基於現象學的社會學提供空間。</i></b>」[4](P127)</div><div>Bourdieu還強調,在場域和習氣的關係中,歷史因素不能排除在外,同一場域隨着變遷會發生習氣的一些變化。<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">四、消解二元對立的嘗試</h3>Bourdieu將消解主客觀二元對立作為他的治學目標。主客觀二元對立,這是個充滿哲學色彩的社會學難題,別的社會學家也曾試圖解決這一難題,這一問題不是孤立的,而是與其它幾對範疇如整體與個體、結構與行動者、事實與價值、決定論與意志論等息息相關。Bourdieu自稱是「<b>建構者的結構主義</b>(Constructivist Structuralism)」,這一概念精鍊地概括了他的這個目標,這一概念中的前半部分強調了其理論的主觀取向,即行動者對於社會和文化現象不是無動於衷、無能為力的,而是以具體的思想、行動和能力,參與了建構過程,在這裏Bourdieu超越了結構主義;這一概念的後半部分強調了其理論的客觀取向,即個體在社會活動中,不是隨心所欲的,而是受客觀的、既定的、外在的超個體因素的制約,在這裏Bourdieu超越了現象學。Bourdieu反對別人對他的不負責任的定位,</div><div>「<b>無論如何,我從不認為自己是象人們所說的馬克思主義者或者韋伯的追隨者,我也反對這樣來提問題……實際上,探究一個學者是馬克思主義者,還是韋伯、杜爾凱姆的追隨者,很難從中得出關於他的有用的信息。</b>」[9](P39)</div><div><br />Bourdieu的場域理論中充分體現出他為此目標而進行的努力。先看場域這個概念,場域從主要方面來講,是某種結構化的東西,體現着客觀的層面,Bourdieu沒有在他的研究中非常明確地注重於「結構」,他的場域可以理解為他的結構,但是場域這個概念又不同於一般的結構,特別是不同於結構主義者的結構,後者強調了整體性及其對個體的先驗決定作用。Bourdieu的場域不是一種對社會的單純的空間分割,而是指有一定文化特徵因素在其中作用的相對獨立的具有社會性的「場域」,主觀性的東西已經被包含進去。場域是「<b>一種被賦予特殊引力的合理構型</b>」,其引力使對象和個體充分地融入,場域中的內容發生了改變,等於改變了場域的結構,所以Bourdieu認為,任何場域「給予本身以可能性結構」。Bourdieu強調:</div><div>「<b><i>一個場域不是死的結構,不是空的場所,而是遊戲空間,那些相信並追求其所能提供獎勵的個體參加了這種遊戲,所以,完整的場域理論要求社會個體的理論。</i></b>」[4](P96)</div><div>再看習氣這個概念,習氣不是單純地指行動者的個性,也不同於<u>馬林諾斯基</u>的「習慣」和<u>薩姆納</u>的「民俗」,而是一定場域中的主觀構成物。這種構成物存在於個體中,而又獨立於個體,類似於榮格的「集體潛意識」,並作為一種客觀力量作用於個體,所以,這個形式上主觀的東西又包含了客觀的內容。Bourdieu自己說:</div><div>「<b><i>首先,我試圖描繪和分析個體的構成,即</i></b>習氣<b><i>,令人感興趣的是理解我們所謂的個體是怎樣被社會塑造的,這是一個社會結構內化和</i></b>習氣<b><i>再生產的問題,而</i></b>習氣<b><i>的概念是指生成了的結構。</i></b>」[4](P126)</div><div>所以,有人認為,「習氣<b><i>是Bourdieu從無主觀的結構和無客觀的主觀哲學(現象學)中逃避出來的途徑。</i></b>」[2](P34)<br /><br />在傳統社會學中,結構和個體是對立的兩極,客觀與主觀也同樣是對立的兩極,這兩對範疇又具有內在的一致性,因為結構被客觀化,個體被主觀化。Bourdieu的場域和習氣的概念就是對這種對立的超越。場域是結構的,但又不完全是客觀的,其中包含主觀的部分;習氣是個體的,但又不完全是主觀的,其中又有客觀的滲入。客觀與主觀共同存在於場域中,又共同存在於習氣中,這樣,它們在場域中融合,又在習氣中被融合。反過來看,場域具有客觀性,習氣也具有客觀性,正是客觀性將場域和習氣統一起來,即把結構和個體統一起來,場域和習氣又都具有主觀的一面,主觀性也和客觀性一樣將場域和習氣即結構與個體聯繫在一起。更進一步講,在Bourdieu的理論中,場域跟習氣兩個概念是不可分的,他說:</div><div>「<b><i>場域、</i></b>習氣<b><i>等概念的定義只能在理論體系中尋找,而不能孤立地理解</i></b>」,</div><div>「<b><i>概念的真實是它們間關係的真實,它們的意義存在在於關係系統之中。</i></b>」[4](P96)</div><div>場域與習氣的這種緊密結合、不可分割的關係,使結構與個體、客觀與主觀這些傳統的具有對立色彩的概念更加接近,更加減少了它們間的對立性。<br /><br /><br />【參考文獻】<br />[1]L.D.Wacquant,Towards a Reflexive Sociology:A Workshop with Pierre Bourdieu[J],Sociological Theory,Vol.7,1989.<br />[2]R.Harker,C.Mahar,C.Wikes,An Introducation to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu[M].The Macmillan Press LTD,1990.<br />[3]包亞明。文化資本與社會鍊金術[Z].上海:上海人民出版社,1997.<br />[4]P.Bourdieu,L.D.Wacquant.An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology[M].The University of Chicago Press,1992.<br />[5]皮埃爾·布迪厄,漢斯·哈克。自由交流[M].北京:三聯書店,1996.<br />[6]L.華康德。論符號權力的軌跡[J].北京:國外社會學,1995,(4)。<br />[7]菲利普·柯爾庫夫。新社會學[M].北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2000.<br />[8]P.Bourdieu.Distinction[M].London:Routledge and KeganPaul,1984.<br />[9]P.Bourdieu.dans Choses dites[M].Paris:Minuit,1987.</div><div><br /></div><div>Rabinow, Paul. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press. 1977.p. 151, p. 155.<br /><div><br /></div><div>-----------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /><br />場域論<br />場域論是社會學的主要理論之一,是關於人類行為的一種概念模式,它起源於19世紀中葉的物理學概念。總體而言是指人的每一個行動均被行動所發生的場域所影響,而場域並非單指物理環境而言,也包括他人的行為以及與此相連的許多因素。<br /><br /><br />何謂「場域」?「從分析的角度來看,一個場域可以被定義為在各種位置之間存在的客觀關係的一個網路,或一個構型。」進一步說,場域是一種具有相對獨立性的社會空間,相對獨立性既是不同場域相互區別的標誌,也是不同場域得以存在的依據。<br /><br /><br />場域是由不同社會客觀關係構成的網路所建立的社會實踐空間,這種網路不會固定不變,而是會根據實際和可能、歷史和現實進行變化,本身是具有生命力的,在布迪厄社會學的理論中,場域是一個較為關鍵的空間隱喻。場域空間是指在社區中發生資本交換和關係行為的實踐空間,在此空間記憶體在不同主體間客觀關係構成的網路。<br /><br /><br />場域論的內容<br />對於場域(field)這一概念,布迪厄這樣詮釋:「我將一個場域定義為位置間客觀關係的一網路或一個形構,這些位置是經過客觀限定的。」布迪厄的場域概念,不能理解為被一定邊界物包圍的領地,也不等同於一般的領域,而是在其中有內含力量的、有生氣的、有潛力的存在。布迪厄研究了許多場域,如美學場域、法律場域、宗教場域、政治場域、文化場域、教育場域,每個場域都以一個市場為聯繫,將場域中象徵性商品的生產者和消費者聯結起來,例如,藝術這個場域包括畫家、藝術品購買商、批評家、博物館的管理者等等。<br /><br /><br />場域不僅是布迪厄社會學理論的概念,也是他從事社會學研究的分析單位。布迪厄選擇這一理論分析工具和分析單位是與他的研究方法分不開的。布迪厄是從人類學邁入社會學殿堂的,他對人類學的方法情有獨鍾,在對阿爾及利亞原始部落研究中,他成功地運用了人類學方法。至於對法國現代社會的研究,要涉及兩個不同層次的問題:第一,能否使用人類學方法?第二,如何使用人類學方法?<br /><br /><br />布迪厄早期研究深受列維·斯特勞斯的影響,但隨著研究的深入,他對結構主義的思想提出了批評,在這兩個問題上也沒有妥協,他說:「沒有什麼能阻止我們將人類學的方法應用於現代社會中。」在具體的實踐過程中,P·拉賓諾對他啟發很大,拉賓諾選取了一個群體(法國的社會改革者精英),這個群體在20世紀20年代關心城區規劃,反對種族主義和階級壓迫,拉賓諾對這一群體進行了人類學的研究。布迪厄由「群體(group)」這一研究單位擴大到「場域」,在場域中,群體占據了位置,他的人類學研究方法正是依托於場域這個基本單位而展開的。<br /><br /><br />場域,是由社會成員按照特定的邏輯要求共同建設的,是社會個體參與社會活動的主要場所,是集中的符號競爭和個人策略的場所,這種競爭和策略的目的是生產有價值的符號商品,而符號商品的價值依賴於有關的消費者社會對它的歸類,符號競爭的勝利意味著一種符號商品被判定為比其競爭對象擁有更多的價值,並可將之強加於社會,布迪厄稱之為「符號暴力」。<br /><br /><br />他認為:「策略是實踐意義上的產物,是對游戲的感覺,是對特別的、由歷史性決定了的游戲的感覺,……這就預先假定了一種有關創造性的永久的能力,它對於人們適應紛紜繁複、變化多端而又永不雷同的各種處境來說,是不可或缺的。」所以,場域可被視為不定項選擇的空間,它為其中的社會成員標出了待選項目,但沒有給定最終選項,個人可進行競爭策略的多種搭配選擇,不同的人會出現不同的結果,在這些結果中,一方面可以體現出選擇者的意志,即個體的創造性,另一方面可體現出選題的框架要求和限制。<br /><br /><br />說場域是充滿力量的,是指個體在場域中展開競爭,每一個場域中都有統治者和被統治者,而任何統治都隱含著對抗。在布迪厄看來,甚至場域的確定和場域邊界的確定,都充滿著不同力量關係的對抗。他以個體間的互動來定義場域的界限,場域的界限是由場域自身決定的,沒有先驗的答案,「場域的界限在場域作用停止的地方。」<br /><br />場域理論與資本的關係<br />布迪厄由此提出了資本(capital)的概念:『在場域中活躍的力量是那些用來定義各種「資本」的東西。』布迪厄的資本概念不同於經濟學家所用的資本概念,他把資本視作積累起來的勞動(以物化的形式或“肉身化”的形式),這種勞動可以作為社會資源,在排他的基礎上,為行動者或群體所擁有。<br /><br /><br />場域記憶體在力量和競爭,而決定競爭的邏輯就是資本的邏輯,一種資本如不能與場域聯繫,就難以存在和發揮功能。資本不僅是場域活動競爭的目標,同時又是用以競爭的手段。布迪厄把資本分為三種類型:經濟資本、社會資本、文化資本。後來,他又補充了象徵資本。<br /><br /><br />布迪厄的資本概念是他的社會學宗旨的具體展現,他主張社會學家的任務就是要打破人們的錯覺,揭示社會生活的本質,他說過:「社會學家和歷史學家的職責在於,對社會的運作進行科學分析……既然有一個研究社會的科學(即社會學),它就不可避免地要發掘隱秘,特別是統治者不願看到的被揭露的隱秘。」他認為社會並不是一個簡單的賭場,賭場是一種完全競爭的、沒有慣性、沒有積累、沒有對已有財富和特征繼承的世界,賭場上每個賭徒面對著同樣的輸贏概率,機會是平等的。但「社會」不同於賭場,社會活動也不同於賭博,社會活動的參加者是以異質性的身份參與的,這異質性主要表現為他們擁有不同質或量的資本。資本在場域中不是平均分配的,資本是歷史積累的結果,是一種排他性資源,同時又是新一輪社會活動的起點,不同類型、不同數量的資本分佈結構,體現著社會的資源和權力結構,這種起點的不平均決定了競爭活動的不平等。<br /><br /><br />場域理論的自主化<br />布迪厄認為社會空間中有各種各樣的場域,場域的多樣化是社會分化的結果,布迪厄將這種分化的過程視為場域的自主化過程。自主化實際上是指某個場域擺脫其它場域的限制和影響,在發展的過程中體現出自己固有的本質。為了說明場域的自主化,布迪厄區分了一個給定的空間中的兩種“生產場域”,一種是「限定的生產場域」,另一種是「大規模的生產場域」。限定的生產場域是與場域本身的特殊化共同擴展的,而大規模的生產場域是社會場域的擴大,有更多的外在影響進入,社會力量和世俗力量更多的滲透,此種場域,邊界往往模糊不清,特殊化程度不高。<br /><br /><br />在限定的生產場域中,生產是為了其它生產者即場域中的行動者和制度,這時,供給方同時也是需求方,限定的生產場域即自主化的場域,或者說具有自主性的場域。布迪厄在經濟學的啟發下,研究了「自主性的度」。他認為,一個場域越是自主的,這個場域的生產者只為本場域其它生產者生產而不為社會場域的消費者生產的程度越大。這樣來看,自主性最強的場域是科學場域,其次是高層次的藝術場域,相形之下,法律場域較少自主性,而自主性程度最低的是政治場域。因為科學場域是自主化的典範。所以,布迪厄指出,一個場域越是從社會場域和權力場域中獲得了自主性,這個場域的語言越具有科學性。一個場域中的競爭和策略不僅取決於符號商品的價值,還有此場域的自主性,因為自主性強的場域遵循的是「是非」邏輯,自主性弱的場域遵循的是「敵友」邏輯。<br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(76, 76, 76); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #029cfe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 2.8em; margin: 0px 0px 0.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Bourdieu and ‘Habitus’</h1><div>https://www.powercube.net/other-forms-of-power/bourdieu-and-habitus/</div><div><br /></div><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Raul-Leon-016.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Raul Leon 016" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1931" height="209" sizes="(max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px" src="https://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Raul-Leon-016-249x209.jpg" srcset="https://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Raul-Leon-016-249x209.jpg 249w, https://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Raul-Leon-016.jpg 574w" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; float: left; margin: 5px 14px 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" title="Raul Leon 016" width="249" /></a>The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu approaches power within the context of a comprehensive ‘theory of society’ which – like that of Foucault – we can’t possibly do justice to here, or easily express in the form of applied methods (Navarro 2006). And although his subject was mainly Algerian and French society, we have found Bourdieu’s approach useful in analysing power in development and social change processes (see the articles by Navarro, Moncrieffe, Eyben and Taylor and Boser in Eyben, Harris et. al. 2006; Navarro offers a particularly solid introduction to Bourdieu’s method).<br /><br />While Foucault sees power as ‘ubiquitous’ and beyond agency or structure, Bourdieu sees power as culturally and symbolically created, and constantly re-legitimised through an interplay of agency and structure. The main way this happens is through what he calls ‘habitus’ or socialised norms or tendencies that guide behaviour and thinking. Habitus is ‘the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them’ (Wacquant 2005: 316, cited in Navarro 2006: 16).<br /><br />Habitus is created through a social, rather than individual process leading to patterns that are enduring and transferrable from one context to another, but that also shift in relation to specific contexts and over time. Habitus ‘is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected situations or over a long historical period’ (Navarro 2006: 16):<br /><br />Habitus is neither a result of free will, nor determined by structures, but created by a kind of interplay between the two over time: dispositions that are both shaped by past events and structures, and that shape current practices and structures and also, importantly, that condition our very perceptions of these (Bourdieu 1984: 170). In this sense habitus is created and reproduced unconsciously, ‘without any deliberate pursuit of coherence… without any conscious concentration’ (ibid: 170).<br /><br />A second important concept introduced by Bourdieu is that of ‘capital’, which he extends beyond the notion of material assets to capital that may be social, cultural or symbolic (Bourdieu 1986: cited in Navarro 2006: 16). These forms of capital may be equally important, and can be accumulated and transferred from one arena to another (Navarro 2006: 17). Cultural capital – and the means by which it is created or transferred from other forms of capital – plays a central role in societal power relations, as this ‘provides the means for a non-economic form of domination and hierarchy, as classes distinguish themselves through taste’ (Gaventa 2003: 6). The shift from material to cultural and symbolic forms of capital is to a large extent what hides the causes of inequality.<br /><br />These ideas are elaborated at length in Bourdieu’s classic study of French society, Distinction (1986), in which he shows how the ‘social order is progressively inscribed in people’s minds’ through ‘cultural products’ including systems of education, language, judgements, values, methods of classification and activities of everyday life (1986: 471). These all lead to an unconscious acceptance of social differences and hierarchies, to ‘a sense of one’s place’ and to behaviours of self-exclusion (ibid: 141).<br /><br />A third concept that is important in Bourdieu’s theory is the idea of ‘fields’, which are the various social and institutional arenas in which people express and reproduce their dispositions, and where they compete for the distribution of different kinds of capital (Gaventa 2003: 6). A field is a network, structure or set of relationships which may be intellectual, religious, educational, cultural, etc. (Navarro 2006: 18). People often experience power differently depending which field they are in at a given moment (Gaventa 2003: 6), so context and environment are key influences on habitus:<br /><br />‘Bourdieu (1980) accounts for the tensions and contradictions that arise when people encounter and are challenged by different contexts. His theory can be used to explain how people can resist power and domination in one [field] and express complicity in another’ (Moncrieffe 2006: 37)<br /><br />Fields help explain the differential power, for example, that women experience in public or private, as Moncrieffe shows in her interview with a Ugandan woman MP who has public authority but is submissive to her husband when at home (2006: 37). This has been widely observed by feminist activists and researchers, and is another way of saying that women and men are socialised to behave differently in ‘public, private and intimate’ arenas of power (VeneKlasen and Miller 2002). See <a href="https://www.powercube.net/other-forms-of-power/bourdieu-and-habitus/gender-perspectives-on-power">gender perspectives on power</a> and a New Weave of Power chapter 3 <a href="http://www.powercube.net/other-forms-of-power/other-forms-of-power-resources/newweave_chapter3/">Power and Empowerment</a>.<br /><br />A final important concept in Bourdieu’s understanding of power is that of ‘doxa’, which is the combination of both orthodox and heterodox norms and beliefs – the unstated, taken-for-granted assumptions or ‘common sense’ behind the distinctions we make. Doxa happens when we ‘forget the limits’ that have given rise to unequal divisions in society: it is ‘an adherence to relations of order which, because they structure inseparably both the real world and the thought world, are accepted as self-evident’ (Bourdieu 1984: 471).<br /><br />Bourdieu also uses the term ‘misrecognition’, which is akin to Marxian ideas of ‘false consciousness’ (Gaventa 2003: 6), but working at a deeper level that transcends any intent at conscious manipulation by one group or another. Unlike the Marxian view, ‘misrecognition’ is more of a cultural than an ideological phenomenon, because it ‘embodies a set of active social processes that anchor taken-for-granted assumptions into the realm of social life and, crucially, they are born in the midst of culture. All forms of power require legitimacy and culture is the battleground where this conformity is disputed and eventually materialises amongst agents, thus creating social differences and unequal structures’ (Navarro 2006: 19).<br /><br />While much of this may sound abstract, Bourdieu’s theories are firmly grounded in a wide body of sociological research, and across a range of social issues. Part of his appeal, in fact, is that his research is so prolific and empirically documented. Another appeal of Bourdieu for politically committed researchers is that he sees sociological method as part of the process of change. Careful analysis can help to reveal the power relations that have been rendered invisible by habitus and misrecognition (Navarro 2006: 19).<br /><br />Bourdieu proposed a ‘reflexive sociology’– in which one recognises one’s biases, beliefs and assumptions in the act of sense-making – long before reflexivity became fashionable. Self-critical knowledge that discloses the ‘sources of power’ and reveals ‘the reasons that explain social asymmetries and hierarchies’ can itself become ‘a powerful tool to enhance social emancipation’ (Navarro 2006: 15-16).<br /><br />The methods and terminology used by Bourdieu are distinct from those used in the powercube, and suggest much more detailed sociological analysis of power relations rooted in a comprehensive ‘theory of society’. Yet the implications for applied analysis and action resonate very strongly with the meanings of internalised, invisible power and ‘power within’, and with the implicit ‘theory of change’ in the powercube, This is the idea that understanding power and powerlessness, especially through processes of learning and analysis that expose invisible power, cat itself be an empowering process.<br />References for further reading<br /><br />Bourdieu, P. (1980). The Logic of Practice. Stanford, Stanford University Press.<br /><br />Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London, Routledge.<br /><br />Bourdieu, P. (1986). ‘The Forms of Capital’. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital. J. G. Richardson. New York, Greenwood Press: 241-58.<br /><br />Gaventa, J. (2003). Power after Lukes: a review of the literature, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.<br /><br />Moncrieffe, J. (2006). “The Power of Stigma: Encounters with ‘Street Children’ and ‘Restavecs’ in Haiti.” IDS Bulletin 37(6): 31-46.<br /><br />Navarro, Z. (2006) ‘In Search of Cultural Intepretation of Power’, IDS Bulletin 37(6): 11-22.<br /><br />VeneKlasen, L. and V. Miller (2002). A New Weave of Power, People and Politics: The Action Guide for Advocacy and Citizen Participation. Oklahoma City, World Neighbors.<br /><br />Wacquant, L. (2005) Habitus. International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. J. Becket and Z. Milan. London, Routledge.</p></div><div><br /></div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-22889856693348139822021-04-09T18:13:00.006-07:002021-04-09T20:14:41.525-07:00為甚麼理論解釋不了生活?布迪厄告訴你的實踐、場域與慣習:對布迪厄的導讀<br /><a href="https://www.hk01.com/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8/59829/%E7%82%BA%E7%94%9A%E9%BA%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%86%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB-%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8E%84%E5%91%8A%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90-%E5%A0%B4%E5%9F%9F%E8%88%87%E6%85%A3%E7%BF%92" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sc-5vyyvj-0 cBLUzZ" color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)" face="system-ui, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px;">撰文:</span><span class="sc-5vyyvj-0 kIuizs" color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)" face="system-ui, sans-serif" rel="author" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding-right: 4px;">張恩源</span></span></a><div><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)" face="system-ui, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WaaMkIZ9MYg/YHD7fjvSpkI/AAAAAAAAKD0/lpOsEcRU7XEaN9PoutUO1VnX4rSFHToWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s899/a_fEVDEf_oA83ZBm9YSK10Oiay83VgiJyLaIksi2iJI.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="649" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WaaMkIZ9MYg/YHD7fjvSpkI/AAAAAAAAKD0/lpOsEcRU7XEaN9PoutUO1VnX4rSFHToWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/a_fEVDEf_oA83ZBm9YSK10Oiay83VgiJyLaIksi2iJI.jpg" /></a></div><br />你有沒有考慮過,為甚麼再複雜精巧的理論,也解釋不了(更別說指導了)你全部的生活?為甚麼人和人之間的審美品味會有這麼大的差別,以及這些品味為甚麼會有「高級」和「低級」的區分?為甚麼讀大學時有些人可以瀟灑自如就全面發展,而有些人付出全部努力也只能勉強應付?法國社會學家與思想家皮埃爾.布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu, 1930-2002)的研究與思考對我們回答這些問題或許會有些啟發。<br /><br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">實踐理論</h3>布迪厄認為,行動者在實踐中會運用一套「實踐知識」(practical knowledge),這種實踐知識與學者們發展出的「理論知識」(theoretical knowledege)形成了某種對照。如果從行動者的角度去呈現實踐的邏輯,而不是從旁觀者的角度去分析這套邏輯,我們會看到實踐邏輯不同於理論家邏輯的特性。<br /><br /><b>首先,實踐是緊迫與模糊的。</b>大部分情況下,行動者在實踐中並不會對自己所處的情境進行充分的考慮,不管這種考慮表現為某種自利的理性算計,還是對於某種規範的遵從。實踐的緊迫性與模糊性密切相關,現實中的很多行動在前反思、前語言、前物件的狀態下進行。雖然一些行動者在事後被問及行動的動機時可以提供一種解釋,但是那種解釋<u>未必是行動中的真實邏輯,而可能只是一種事後的分析</u>。<br /><br /><b>其次,實踐是總體性的。</b>這意味著實踐並不會像研究它的各門學科那樣分裂成不同的碎片,沒有甚麼實踐會天然屬於經濟學的領地、生物學的領地、心理學的領地,並對應著任何一門學科的單一法則。再次,實踐會受到經濟條件的約束。這意味著實踐本身並不是隨心所欲的,可選擇的東西非常有限,許多理論上的合理目標在實踐中可能根本不會被考慮。因此,<u>實踐的邏輯只可以被提煉到某個程度,超過了這個程度便不再是實踐的邏輯,而是理論的邏輯了。</u><br /><br />由此可以把解釋實踐活動的理論分為兩種,<u>一種是沒有考慮到實踐邏輯的「唯智主義理論」 (intellectualist theory)</u>,<u>一種是考慮到實踐邏輯,並在持續反思中與實踐保持互動的「實踐理論」(praxeology)</u>。<span style="color: red;">如果說「唯智主義理論」是學者從自己的角度思考研究物件的產物,那麼「實踐理論」則要將這種思考研究物件的過程本身也變成需要被思考的物件,通過這種反思(reflection)意識到「唯智主義理論」的局限。所以,強調「實踐的邏輯」絕非讓我們拒絕理論思考,而是讓我們超越純粹理論的思考。從這一認識出發,布迪厄對各種唯智主義的二分法(譬如「主觀」與「客觀」,「能動」與「結構」,「唯心」與「唯物」)進行了深刻批判,甚至從二分法之外看這些二分法如何被歷史地建構。這是一種「將反思進行到底」的研究立場,由於反思在布迪厄思想中的重要性,他的社會學有時也被稱為「反思社會學」(reflective sociology)。</span><br /><br />儘管有此明確的反思立場,布迪厄在研究中並不拒絕理論概念的使用,只是他力求使這些概念具有以下特徵:這些概念務必是要與常識決裂的,不僅與日常生活中的常識決裂,而且要與學界的套話決裂;這些概念務必是關係性的,反映了一種現實社會「你中有我,我中有你」的狀態,而不是割裂的、實體化的;這些概念是動態的、開放的,可以在實踐中得到發展,而不是一個僵化封閉的系統。基於這些原則,布迪厄創造性地發展了場域(field)、慣習(habitus)、資本(capital)等分析概念,並應用於對現實社會的研究。<span style="color: red;">但這些概念只是維根斯坦意義上的「工具」</span>,是認識現實的技藝與武器。下面我們就來介紹一下布迪厄的「工具箱」或者說「武器庫」中相對重要的幾件。<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">場域與慣習</h3>任何一個有點野心的思想者,可能都會懷有對世界圖景的總體想像。布迪厄顯然屬於「有野心的思想者」之列。在他的理論思考中,這個世界由一個又一個彼此聯繫同時又相對獨立的「場域」構成。一個場域就是歷史中形成的一束關係,在其中的各個位置附著了某種特殊的吸引力。如果用一個比喻來說,比較恰當的是「遊戲」(play)。人是很容易陷入無意義感的,好在這世界提供了不同的遊戲讓我們去參與:不同的遊戲規則、不同的遊戲獎勵、不同的身份角色。遊戲少不了爭奪,只是每個人看重的東西都不同。如布迪厄自己所說:「一個分化的社會……是各個相對自主的遊戲領域的聚合。每個場域都規定了各自特有的價值觀,擁有各自特有的調控原則。」布迪厄認為,<span style="color: red;">權力場域構成了這個世界最基本的「元場域」</span>,在當代社會「元場域」的基本表現則是國家(state)。<u>權力場域的根本重要性,使得研究者在研究一個特定場域時,首先要清楚這個場域相對於權力場域的位置。比如,知識份子場域在整個權力場域中就構成了「統治階級中的被統治集團」,而這一場域內部又依據相對權力場域的遠近而發生分化與鬥爭。</u><br /><br />在布迪厄看来,世界上沒有任何一個場域的遊戲機制是天然正當的。這畢竟是一個歷史地形成、並在人類自身的反復鬥爭中搖擺不定的世界。任何場域的遊戲規則都有一個競爭、博弈、正當化自身的過程。再野蠻的暴力也會傾向於給自己披上正當化的外衣,並在施加對象的「誤識」(misrecognition)乃至「合謀」(complicity)的基礎上成為一種合法的「符號暴力」(symbolic violence)。對這個過程機制的「揭露」或者「解蔽」(revealing or uncovering),<u>並不是讓行動者陷入虛無,而是讓人看清自己所處的位置,並以自己的方式獲得「解放」(liberation)。</u><br /><br />現實的世界,人們不僅投身到了不同的場域,並且為了不同的「利益」(interest)而進行奮鬥。之所以會有如此差別,<u>源於一種歷史中形成的「性情傾向」(disposition)上的差異,這種性情傾向布迪厄稱之為「慣習」(habitus)。所謂慣習,由「積澱於個人身體內的一系列歷史的關係所構成,其形式是知覺、評判和行動的各種身心圖示」。</u>慣習至少表達了<span style="color: red;">兩層意思,一個是「結構化了的結構」(structured structures),即某種社會結構施加於個體並表現在個體身上的限制;一個是「促結構化的結構」(structuring structures),即為實踐提供原則和指導的機制,這種機制可能會改變場域的形態。</span><br /><br />舉例來說,一個長期在某種「理想主義」氛圍下成長起來的青年,形成了一種「理想主義」的慣習,並表現於言行等各個方面;當他/她進入一個主導原則是「去理想主義」甚至「反理想主義」的場域時,他/她的理想主義慣習既是一種限制自身的力量,讓他/她感受到與場域的格格不入,同時也是一個改變場域的力量,讓他/她影響場域的微觀互動、行事規則、結構風格。當然,也有可能他/她會經歷一個轉變,成為與這個場域渾然一體的一部分,並通過貢獻自己的力量強化這個場域原有的風格。不管怎麼說,<u>場域與慣習永遠處於一種互相影響、互相塑造的狀態,不能拋開一個只談另一個。</u><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">文化資本</h3>投入任何一種遊戲,都需要一些「資本」(capital),「一種特定的資本總是在特定的場域中有效,既是鬥爭的武器,又是鬥爭的利害所在」。資本在時間中累積起來,並具有產生利潤和權力,以及複製自身的潛在可能。<u>布迪厄區分了資本的三種主要形式,即</u><span style="color: red;">經濟資本</span>、<span style="color: red;">社會資本</span>和<span style="color: red;">文化資本</span>。其中<u>文化資本</u>的概念最有特色,並且這一概念也<u>構成布迪厄研究文化品味、教育系統、知識分子等問題的關鍵切入點。<br /></u><br />文化資本有不同的存在狀態,一種最容易被察覺的是「客體化的狀態」(the objectified state),表現為圖書、器具之類,是文化在物質媒介上的體現,很多時候可以變成「文化商品」來進行購買(比如藏書、鋼琴、藝術品)。另一種在<u>當代社會越發明顯的文化資本則是制度化的狀態(the institutionalized state),表現為社會對於某些文化資格的認可,比如文憑、職稱等等</u>,這種<u>文化資本一般依賴於某種社會制度的安排</u>。而一種在日常生活中容易被察覺,<u>卻極少被分析的文化資本形態則是身體化的狀態(the embodied state)</u>,表現為心智以及肉體的一種性情傾向,比如談吐、審美、修養之類,這種狀態的文化資本往往是在潛移默化中獲得的,尤其在家庭成長的早期階段。<br /><br />在布迪厄看來,整個社會的階層劃分與文化資本的分配保持了連貫性。現實之中,文化品味是分等級的,較高等級的品味(如欣賞古典音樂、舞臺劇、博物館)往往需要大量的時間投入才可培養,並高度依賴於成長早期的開發,不是每個人都可獲取。而較低等級的品位(如欣賞通俗音樂、肥皂劇、雜耍)則完全不需要早期的投入,簡單易懂,輕鬆易得。<u>社會的精英階層顯然有更多的機會與閒暇培養高級品味,高門檻與小眾的文化趣味強化了他們作為精英的自我想像。</u>同時,成長於文化資本充裕家庭的孩子在進入精英大學時,可以順利融入精英大學所推崇的文化氛圍,他們逍遙自在,「全面發展」,並對「庸庸眾生」的「不思進取」及「低俗品味」表現出一種近乎本能的排斥與厭惡。而成長於文化資本貧乏家庭的孩子,能進入精英大學已經殊為不易,<u>但融入一種精英文化卻意味著對自我過往的「否定」,他們勤奮刻苦卻難免「眼界狹隘」,力求上進卻終難獲得精英階層應有的「氣質」與「能力」。於是乎,借助文化資本的可繼承性,教育系統成為複製社會階層的關鍵環節。</u>現實中的階層分化與人們頭腦中的品味評判形成了一種隱秘而牢固的對應。<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">結語</h3>布迪厄的研究橫跨<span style="color: red;">社會學、人類學、哲學、教育學</span>,並將不同的傳統融會貫通,形成了鮮明的個人特色。他幾乎憑一己之力,將法國社會學推向了「塗爾幹學派」以來新的歷史高度,產生了世界影響。作為法蘭西學院院士,布迪厄積極參與公共領域的言說,在全球化問題、性別平等、底層苦難、大眾文化等議題上都發表了大量言論,成為法國著名的公共知識份子,被譽為「繼沙特(Jean-Paul Sartre)之後,法國左翼行動派知識份子第一人」。不過,或許因為過於犀利的批判與咄咄逼人的風格,<span style="color: red;">在法國學術界,懼怕布迪厄的人和欣賞他的人想必一樣多。</span><br /><br /></div><div>面對「文化資本」的分析所引起的巨大爭議,<span style="color: red;">布迪厄明確表示,自己批判的並非「文化」本身,而是「將文化用作一種符號支配的資本和工具」。</span>而針對有人認為他過分誇大了社會決定力量的批評,據說他曾回應:「伽利略發現了自由落體運動定律,但並沒有消除人類飛行的夢想。」事實上,<span style="color: red;">布迪厄本人就是突破了這種社會結構力量的一個範例。</span>他的人生經歷與學術研究扣合在一起,構成了一個棱角分明的整體,讓身居高位者自省,給出身寒微者力量。</div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-57787360252440403502021-04-08T16:55:00.004-07:002021-04-09T17:21:20.451-07:00探索新世代混成數位教學之轉變<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YStfsl0w70A/YHDpSm2fD9I/AAAAAAAAKCk/ZfZyO7Cg0oUfXOXUfByORQ0vGlkmBr_cACLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="150" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YStfsl0w70A/YHDpSm2fD9I/AAAAAAAAKCk/ZfZyO7Cg0oUfXOXUfByORQ0vGlkmBr_cACLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h150/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_01.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>後疫情全球化下,導致既有教育活動的空間概念為之改變:由群聚到分隔、由實體到虛擬。然而,早在全球疫情爆發之前,現階段之數位原生世代,其資訊活動模式已悄然改變;由早期資訊科技發展,以中心化為概念所形塑之「學習管理系統(LMS)」架構,則開始發生明顯的轉移至現今,去中心化為概念之「社群網絡系統(SNS)」架構。是故、疫情僅為加速數位教育思潮轉變之契機。而再綜觀前述之變革,實已為「科學、科技與社會(STS)」範疇之論題。<br /><br />因此本研究之目的,在於探索舊教育活動空間概念已漸解構之後,而所蘊孕之新空間概念為何? 而科學、科技與社會三者之再整合後,其教育內涵之發展為何?為此,本研究對後疫情時代下教育整體之發展,具有其探索性。<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vKcC7hVXOBI/YHDpSuItf1I/AAAAAAAAKCo/KN4d1QiktrcyVuSQNJvXDvrAaZIqxu6QgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_02.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vKcC7hVXOBI/YHDpSuItf1I/AAAAAAAAKCo/KN4d1QiktrcyVuSQNJvXDvrAaZIqxu6QgCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h240/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_02.jpg" width="320" /></a>本研究之方法,乃基於「行動者網絡理論(ANT)」之架構來發展,此間透過大學外語課程教學為田野調查,分析行動主體們(entities)之關係。有別以往之行動者網絡論述,本研究不僅有轉譯之OPP架構,並藉由其分析結果,再構成「上位結構網絡」,進而實現:「異質行動者的網絡分析(ANA)」。</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ah_mMg1bU1s/YHDpSkQhb6I/AAAAAAAAKCg/2xhqY1NRu0UT936fceQBUPvJGCIoRLHQQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_03.jpg" style="clear: left; 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text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>本研究之發現:</b></h3><div><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ic0kW0PEO9A/YHDpUTacBII/AAAAAAAAKDA/crzPhjIvcwY5ISpiTPGTXn-N7tfsqAaXgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_09.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1133" data-original-width="1500" height="303" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ic0kW0PEO9A/YHDpUTacBII/AAAAAAAAKDA/crzPhjIvcwY5ISpiTPGTXn-N7tfsqAaXgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h303/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_09.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">(一)、由中心化到去中心化的「行動者網絡」變遷。</h4>其嬗變的歷程,資訊科技對於教育社會展現出不同的樣貌轉變,由管道價值轉為內容價值。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nkOhoXYSWIc/YHDpUiqOQXI/AAAAAAAAKDE/-2skXQH8InYTrZaBkVMYcNiEzneUvu3xgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1520/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_10.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1133" data-original-width="1520" height="299" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nkOhoXYSWIc/YHDpUiqOQXI/AAAAAAAAKDE/-2skXQH8InYTrZaBkVMYcNiEzneUvu3xgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h299/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_10.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">(二)、新世代數位混成學習之樣貌。</h4><h4><span style="font-weight: normal;">在教育活動空間中,學生為資訊受眾(Audience)之管道特性,會反應出受眾之數位素養多元化程度</span>。</h4></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSyXls-fBCA/YHDpU8tvkeI/AAAAAAAAKDI/X_OGejvNeMQd3K7t2o23w0An7RpCzgzdQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1500/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_11.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSyXls-fBCA/YHDpU8tvkeI/AAAAAAAAKDI/X_OGejvNeMQd3K7t2o23w0An7RpCzgzdQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_11.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">(三)、新世代數位混成學習之管道調適。</h4>實授方式與線上方式,對於課程內容規畫,有其課程目標之調配差異性。</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6_rC5WBvNWk/YHDpU8dKTjI/AAAAAAAAKDM/THG4ggiJ0LYJ9AfyaBZccE-32p4W-RfYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2000/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6_rC5WBvNWk/YHDpU8dKTjI/AAAAAAAAKDM/THG4ggiJ0LYJ9AfyaBZccE-32p4W-RfYgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/13-3-%25E6%258E%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%25B7%25B7%25E6%2588%2590%25E6%2595%25B8%25E4%25BD%258D%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E8%25BD%2589%25E8%25AE%258A_%25E9%25A0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2_12.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div><br /> <p></p>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-52003852728733152932021-01-06T09:18:00.009-08:002021-01-08T09:32:05.592-08:00ORA-NetScenes <br /><br />ORA-NetScenes (Organization Risk Analyzer) 是由美國的卡內基美隆大學Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS)開發,主要是用來分析社會關係網路的動態變化。社會關係網路,簡單來說,就是將人與人之間的各種關係利用網路的點與線來加以連結,舉例來說,如果張三與李四彼此互相認識,可以把張三與李四分別標記為網路上的二個節點,而「認識」這件事,就是將這2個節點,用線連結起來,這就構成最簡單的關係網路。不僅人際關係可以利用社會關係網路來加以描述,這套關係網路還可以延伸至與知識、區位、任務、資源的連結,構成網路的網路(meta-network)。當建構完成這些視覺化的網路後,使用者就可一目瞭然地觀察人與人、人與知識、區位、任務與資源的關係,並且利用圖學的相關性質,如緊密度,相關度…等等來量化分析這些關係。<br /><br /><div> 利用ORA-NetScenes來描繪社會關係網路的確很容易,然而這跟電腦模擬還沒有發生任何關係,那到底電腦模擬是用來做什麼呢? 這就得提到動態網路分析(Dynamic Network Analysis, DNA)。DNA是一門將社會關係網路、連結強度分析(Link Analysis),以及多重代理人系統(multi-agent systems)整合在一起的新興研究領域。運用統計技術以及電腦模擬,就可以動態分析網路的行為與變化。舉個例來說,現在恐怖攻擊層出不窮,總是讓人膽戰心驚;恐怖分子似乎無所不在,他們的巢穴彷彿無跡可尋,經常讓各國政府束手無策。現代的恐怖分子組織與傳統的科層式組織(Hierachical structure,又稱官僚式組織)不同,是一個一個的細胞型組織,彼此串聯,運用網路社群,快速交換知識,並威嚇一般民眾。這種類似變形蟲的組織,隨著時間而變化,如何有效掌握組織的變化,找出關鍵人物、擒賊擒王,是許多國家的安全單位非常關心的問題。這個問題就可以利用DNA來加以處理。DNA把關係網路中的節點(一般多為個人或小型組織)視為具學習能力,這也與真實情況中人會學習新技能、增加新的價值雷同。節點的學習能力,可以用統計理論的機率分布來加以描述,而節點的變化,也會擴散到網路中的其他節點。透過DNA觀察網路隨著時間的演化,就可以分析當某種情況發生時,對於整個關係網路的變化程度。</div><div><br />DNA在ORA-NetScenes內,是以「近期分析」(Near Term Analysis, NTA) 這個分析工具來呈現。NTA可以用來回答像是當組織成員不在或離開組織後,對於整個組織的變化與衝擊;這就像是移除關係網路中的節點(組織成員),隨著時間推移,觀察組織行為的變化,像是關係網路的重構、組織知識的發散,區位的變化等等。<br /> <br /> 註.圖片說明:<br /> 1. 社會關係網路—人際關係 (來源: ORA-NetScenes)<br /> 2. 整合組織、知識、區位、任務後的關係網路 (來源: ORA-NetScenes)<br /> 3. 整合組織、知識、區位、任務後的關係網路(另一種觀點) (來源: ORA-NetScenes)<br /> 4. 利用NTA觀察當損失一名組織成員後的影響與變化 (來源: ORA-NetScenes)<br /><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SToLvOlfHmM/X_iUEmpgfAI/AAAAAAAAJ4s/mUHoMy6P3UQ0opJf8RtXTKbE20Dpl-F_gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h405/download.gif" /></a><br /><br /><br />CMU的ORA合適做sna,dynamic network analysis,link analysis,multi-agent system之類的任務,綜合了pajek gephi ucinet citespace等等的功能,且給出了很完整的user guide。(竟然可以topic analysis,我驚了)當然也可以配合CMU CASOS tools,UCINET, KeyPlayer, and Analyst's Notebook等進行額外分析。總之如果你的數據量不大(agents<2000) 且不想買高階版時非常好用CASOS: Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/index.html</a>)<br /><br />Preface: <br />ORA uses a Java interface for ease of use, and a C++ computational backend. The most current edition of ORA software, Version 3, is available in two versions. ORA-LITE is available on the CASOS website: <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">http://casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/ora/</a>. It contains hundreds of social network, dynamic network metrics, trail metrics, procedures for grouping nodes, identifying local patterns, comparing and contrasting networks, groups, and individuals from a dynamic meta-network perspective. <br />GETTING STARTED <br /><br /><b>1. File format 能支持的數據導入格式 </b><br />DyNetML (.xml) -- stored as default <br />DL - Data Language (.dl) 一定要儲存為plain text<br /> 大概是這樣 <div><div><img height="400" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-caad187fccbacd1f.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/559/format/webp" width="270" /> <br />UCINET (.##h and .##d) <br />CSV - Comma Seperated Values (.csv) <br /> <br /><img height="354" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-35837c37710b5464.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />Again note that the cell A1 is blank. This is common in all network files created in this manner.<br /><br />Text Files (.txt) <br />Pajek (.net) <br />GraphML (.graphml) </div><div><br /></div><div><br /><b>2. Quickstart </b><br />User interface 主要兩個界面:editor 以及visualizer<br /> Versions:Lite-學生教育版本,max 2000個nodes<br /> 下載地址:Go to <a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=http%3A%2F%2Fcasos.cs.cmu.edu%2Fprojects%2Fora%2Fsoftware.php">http://casos.cs.cmu.edu/projects/ora/software.php</a> </div><div><br /><b>2.1 Main Interface </b><br />1) Editor GUI<br /><img height="424" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-6aad8dd79d30fa69.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br /><br /><b>2)Meta-network</b><br /> 包含noteset和network,可點擊查看<br /> Nodeset: nodes and attibutes. <br /><br />Nodeset class: Nodesets (and hence the contained nodes) can be classified as "Agent", "Organization", "Knowledge", "Resource", "Belief", "Event", "Task", "Location", "Role", "Action" or "Unknown".Multiple nodesets in a metanetwork can be assigned to the same nodeset class. Many predefined ORA analyses use the nodeset class to determine inputs. <br /><br />Node<br /> Attribute <br /><br />Networks: <br />Binary, weighted; <br />Self-looped <br /><br />Dynamic network <br /><img height="410" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-85d84b81ec71ee22.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br /><br /><b>2.2 Import file 基本操作 </b><br />select File > Data Import Wizard<br /> 可以導入矩陣 或node的attributes表 可在選項中選擇 <br /><img height="356" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-81863822675c5c94.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />node關係表 <br /><img height="490" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-510e6f6b9e19657b.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1076/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />attribute表 <br /><img height="376" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-ca7bf8c023adb7ac.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />第三個彈出窗口 <br /><img height="392" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-5e760e5afb4ba57c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />Match <br /><br />記得導入data 和 attributes,導入後可查看info和editor <br /><br />對於dynamic network, 可以merge meganetwork也可以直接導入file </div><div><br /><b>2.3 Edit data and attributes </b><br />To edit a nodeset, select the nodeset in the Metanetwork Manager pane. Then click the Editor tab. 註:在進行新操作時,最好是使用copy後的文件,原文件一旦改動則無法undo<br /> 對nodes:可進行過濾選擇,可合併節點,移除節點,建新節點<br /> 對attributes:<br /> 對links:可在meta network-->network-->editor-->display options中修改matrixview還是其他view。display options中也同樣可以進行排序。同樣在Editor的Convert Links中一些名詞解釋:Binarize ->Change all link values to 1 (non-links remain 0) 表示有無聯繫,Remove self-loops (diagonal) -》Remove all links that point from a node to itself. 還有各種remove links的操作 <br /><b><br /></b><div><b>2.4 Visualizations </b><br />在Visualizer的界面下:<br /><img height="347" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-1337d3627e06f6dc.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />常用:<br /> hide links/nodes/isolates; Node appearance 改size和color,link appearance改size,View改字體,Node Selector改顏色 可見度 appearance cleaning 等等<br /> Tools > Node Locator : Selecting a node from the dialog box will reveal the location of the node in Visualizer.<br /><br />左側的configure bar可以把自己常用的功能放在一起 </div><div><br /><b>2.5 Reports </b><br />有4個最重要的reports<br /> 1)Key Entity : Identifies key entities and groups who, by virtue of their position in the network, are critical to its operation.<br /> 2)Standard Social Network Analysis : Calculates the standard network analysis measures.<br /> 3)View Role and Sphere of Influence : For each individual, identifies the set of actors, groups, knowledge, resources, etc. that influence, and are influenced, by that actor. <br /><br /><img height="418" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-55f9b325f3e3d666.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />For example <br /> <br />4)Locate Groups : Identifies the groups present in the network using various grouping algorithms. Algorithms work on unimodal or bimodal parts of the meta-network. <br /><br />這些reports可以分析的對象包括:<br /> 1)Actors;<br /> 2)Region; Once the key locations are discovered agents connected to that location can be analyzed. <br />Time. 如果有time data <br />General contents <br /> <br />1, 2 or n Mode Data <br /><br /><img height="134" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-2faf92a6b0612186.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="320" /> <br /><img height="300" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-22e2191657ed88fe.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1086/format/webp" width="320" /> <br />3 mode <br />Aggregation (更多指時空的組合,這個數據我還不曉得怎麼輸入) <br />Correlation <br /> <br /><br />Cube analysis: 可以做mental model分析<br /> Three key communicative dimensions.<br /> Intensity/consensus : Weighted degree or number of graphs of individual's mental models or number of reports the tie is presented in.<br /> Conductivity : in-degree*out-degree or betweenness<br /> Density : degree <br /><img height="444" src="https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/8909247-6646d3e791302626.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip|imageView2/2/w/1200/format/webp" width="640" /> <br />Concept Embedding <br />Aggregation 比如把多個放在一個time period裡 <br />指數隨機圖模型. 使用ERGM模型時要記住的一點是,一個網絡被建模為一個單一的多變量觀測,這限制了它們在用於一段時間內的建模網絡。此外,只適用於二進制網絡。 <br />Hamming Distance. 兩個網絡(同一維度)的Hamming距離是一個鏈路存在於一個網絡中但不存在於另一個網絡中的次數。然後,可以通過除以可能的鏈接數來規範化該計數。 <br />Monte Carlo Methods. The method is useful for obtaining numerical solutions to problems which are too complicated to solve analytically. The most common application of the Monte Carlo method is Monte Carlo integration. <br />Moran-I and Geary-C. <br />References 整理 <br /><br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Where to Learn More: Barnes, J. A. (1954). Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human relations, 7(1), 39-58.</li><li>Scott, J., (2012). Social Networks (3rd edition), Sage.</li><li>Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press.</li><li>Carley, K. M., (2003). Dynamic Network Analysis. In Breiger, R., Carley, K. M., & Pattison, P. (Eds.) Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers, (pp. 133-145). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.</li><li>Carley, K. M., (2002). Smart Agents and Organizations of the Future. In Lievrouw, L. & Livingstone, S. (Eds.) The Handbook of New Media, (pp. 206-220). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. </li><li>Davis, A. et al. (1941). Deep South. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </li><li>Breiger R. (1974). The duality of persons and groups. Social Forces, 53, 181-190. </li><li>G. Robins, P. Pattison, Y. Kalish, D. Lusher, An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks, Social Networks, Volume 29, Issue 2, May 2007, Pages 173191.</li></ol><br /></div></div></div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190436176955484061.post-60946297346252170112020-11-29T06:08:00.002-08:002020-11-29T06:08:45.888-08:00Actor-network theory—the market test Michel CallonMichel Callon<br /><br />CALLON, M. 1999. Actor-network theory—the market test. The Sociological Review, 47, 181-195.<br /><div><br />
<p align="left" class="31" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="bookmark2"><span lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">It is often argued that ANT fails to offer a satisfactory theory of the actor which is allegedly endowed either with limitless power, or deprived of any room for manoeuvre at all. The aim of this paper is to show that the absence of a theory of the actor, when combined with the role attributed to non-humans in the description of action, is precisely one of the strengths of ANT that it is most important to preserve. This is because this combination makes it possible to explain the existence and the working of economic markets. Any particular market is the consequence of operations of disentanglement, framing, internalization and extemalization. ANT makes it possible to explain these operations and the emergence of calculating agents. Homo economicus is neither a pure invention, nor an impoverished vision of a real person. It indeed exists, but is the consequence of a process in which economic science places an active role. The conclusion is that ANT has passed one of the most demanding tests: that of the market.</blockquote><p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Before embarking on an active and
positive critique of the Actor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Network Theory (ANT), I will start by highlighting some of the results
obtained by the approach, results which I do not believe we should lose sight
of in any debate about what might follow ANT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 6.65pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">One of the shortcomings about ANT which is most often mentioned is
the inadequacy of the analysis which it offers in respect of the actor. I shall
consider this point at greater length in what follows. However, before
proposing ways of enhancing this analysis, I wish briefly to recall a number of
positive points which, in my view, should be retained. The most important is
that ANT is based on no stable theory of the actor; rather it assumes the <span class="22">radical indeterminacy</span> of the actor. For example, the actor’s
size, its psychological make-up, and the motivations behind its actions—none of
these are</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">predetermined. In this respect ANT is a break from the more orthodox
currents of social science. This hypothesis (which Brown and Lee equate to
political ultra-liberalism<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)
has, as is well known, opened the social sciences to non-humans. It has also
freed them from the sterile individualism/holism dichotomy and, by using the notion
of a spokesperson, has made language an <span class="22">effect</span> of
distribution and not an inherent property. My friend John Law has had the opportunity
of developing this notion of distribution and of revealing its richness (Law,
1994; 1998 a and b).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The indeterminacy of the actor
naturally entails a number of difficulties. ANT is so tolerant that it ends up
presenting an actor which is an anonymous, ill-defined and indiscernible
entity. Since everything is action, the ANT actor may, alternately and
indiscriminately, be a power which enrolls and dominates or, by contrast, an agent
with no initiative which allows itself to be enrolled. It is certainly this
aspect which has produced the most negative effects and led to the frequently
repeated accusation of relativism. Another way of formulating the critique is
to say that ANT’s main shortcoming is that it is everything but a theory—which
explains why it cannot explain anything!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">What I would like to do in this paper
is to show how ANT can explain actors’ competencies, without however denying
its basic hypotheses and, in particular, without calling into question the refusal
to give an a priori definition of the actor or the role of non-humans in
action.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">In order to do this—and in order to
put ANT to a test—I will offer an analysis of the economic market. The market
is an institution which mixes humans and non-humans and controls their
relations. What economic theory describes is, among other things, the circulation
of goods and the allocation of resources between human agents. It would be
worrying if ANT had nothing to say about the market when it was all along
designed specifically to describe and analyse those imbroglios in which humans
and non-humans alike are involved. Yet the market is a considerable challenge
for ANT because it introduces a strict separation between what circulates
(goods which are inert, passive and classified as non-human) and human agents who
are active and capable of making complicated decisions (producers, distributors
and consumers). Moreover, on the market, whether we are referring to real
markets or those of economic theory, the agents involved are characterized by
very specific and highly demanding competencies: they are calculating, know and
pursue their own interests, and take informed decisions. In short, the market
seems to undermine ANT’s hypotheses. ANT was developed to analyse situations in
which it is difficult to separate humans and non-humans, and in which the
actors have variable forms and competencies. Whereas the market is
diametrically opposed to this situation; everything is delimited and roles are
perfectly defined.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 22.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The question is then: is ANT of any use to us for understanding markets?
And if so, in what ways will it have to be modified?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="31" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 14.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="bookmark3"><b><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The market as a network</span></b></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 2.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">What is a market? There are numerous answers to this question but
Guesnerie’s definition seems well-suited to our argument (Guesnerie, 1996).
According to him, a market is a co-ordination device in which: a) the agents
pursue their own interests and to this end perform economic calculations which
can be seen as an operation of optimization and/or maximization; b) the agents
generally have divergent interests, which leads them to engage in c)
transactions which resolve the conflict by defining a price. Consequently, to use
his words:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 4.6pt; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">‘a market
opposes buyers and sellers, and the prices which resolve this conflict are the
input but also, in a sense, the outcome of the agents’ economic calculation’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.7pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">This
definition has the merit of emphasizing the essential. That is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">the decentralization of decision-making;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">the definition of actors as calculating agents;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">conflicts of interest which are
resolved in transactions that establish an equivalence measured by prices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">The point that needs to be borne in mind is that the agents enter and
leave the exchange like strangers. Once the transaction has been concluded the
agents are quits; they extract themselves from anonymity for a moment only,
slipping back into it immediately afterwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">As this
definition shows, the market as a method of co-ordination implies the existence
of agents capable of calculation. This is confirmed by Williamson in his
discussion of the notion of trust (Williamson, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">‘Calculativeness is the general condition that I associate with the economic
approach and with the progressive extension into the related social sciences’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Let us accept this hypothesis and ask
ourselves the following question: Under what conditions is calculativeness
possible? Under which conditions do calculative agents emerge?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 4.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">In order to write and conclude calculated contracts—that is to say,
to go into the content of goods and their prices—the agents need to have
information on the possible states of the world. More specifically, for
calculative agents to be able to take decisions they need at least to be able
to:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 20.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">establish a list of the possible states of the world;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 23.15pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">rank these states of the world (which gives content and an object to
the agent’s preferences);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.2pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">identify and describe the actions which allow for the production of
each of the possible states of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Thus, if market co-ordination is to succeed, there have to be not only
calculative agents but also agents with information on all the possible states
of the world, on the nature of the actions which can be undertaken and on the
consequences of these different actions, once they have been undertaken.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Market co-ordination encounters
problems when uncertainties about the states of the world, on the nature of the
actions which can be undertaken, and on the expected consequences of these
actions, increase. Problems are at their worst when the uncertainties turn into
ignorance, pure and simple. Now, such situations are the rule and not the
exception. This is even more obvious with the uncertainties generated by
technoscience. The general question is thus the following: how are agents able
to calculate when no stable information on the future exists? (Eymard-Duvemay,
1996)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">In order to maintain the possibility
of co-ordination, economists have proposed several solutions which—they assure
us—are, or ought to be, applied in concrete market situations. The most
‘orthodox’ solution is that of <span class="22">contingent contracts.</span>
Contingent contracts are revisable contracts; their renegotiation is planned,
thus taking into account the occurrence of events specified beforehand. The greater
the uncertainties, the more difficult it is to use this approach. It implies
that agents spend a considerable amount of their time renegotiating their
contracts, that is to say, interacting and exchanging information as it is
produced. In this case market co-ordination as such disappears, leaving room
for uninterrupted social interaction involving many different agents. These
agents, no matter how much they wish to do so, are no longer able to become
strangers; they are entangled. I shall return to this notion in a minute.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Another solution is that of a <span class="22">focal point.</span> Here it is assumed that agents share common
knowledge which guarantees their coordination. The nature of this knowledge is
highly variable. It may pertain to a shared culture, rules, procedures,
routines or conventions which guarantee the adjustments and predictability of
behaviour. Socio-economics has studied these intermediate realities in detail
in order to explain the co-ordination of market action. But it is easy to show
that these different solutions suffer from the same limits. Whether we talk
about a common culture or of shared rules or conventions, we encounter the same
stumbling block: rules, conventions or cultural devices do not govern behaviour
completely since they imply irreducible margins of interpretation. Here again, these
margins of interpretation can be removed only during interaction, negotiation
or discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">A third, and opposite, solution to the
question of co-ordination is to assume that beneath the contracts and the
rules, there is a ‘primitive’ reality without which co-ordination would not be
possible. An understanding of this ultimate basis is the purpose of the notion
of a social network (Swedberg, 1994) or, more broadly, the notion of
embeddedness as initially formulated by Polanyi (1957) and later refined by
Granovetter in two brief but seminal articles (Granovetter, 1973; 1985). If
agents can calculate their decisions, it is because they are entangled in a web
of relations and connections; they do not have to open up to the world because
they <span class="22">contain</span> their world. Agents are actor-worlds
(Callon, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">It is useful to recall these two
articles for they have been the source of many misinterpretations which prevent
us from seeing both the originality and the true limits, of Granovetter’s
solution. His solution lies in his definition of the notion of a network. Granovetter
first does away with the classic opposition between <span class="22">homo
sociologies</span> and <span class="22">homo economics.</span> He shows,
convincingly, that beyond their often-asserted differences, they have in common
the characteristic of both being individual agents with perfectly stabilized
competencies. The thesis of over-socialization and that of under-socialization,
share a common hypothesis: that of the existence of a person closed in on
himself—<span class="22">homo class,</span> to use Elias’ expression. This
hypothesis precludes any solution to the problem of co-ordination in a
situation of radical uncertainty.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For Granovetter the only possible solution is that provided by the network; not
a network connecting entities which are already there, but a network which
configures ontologies. The agents, their dimensions, and what they are and do,
all depend on the morphology of the relations in which they are involved. For
example, a very simple variable such as the length of the network, or the
number of connections that an actor has with different networks, determines
what the actor is, wants and can do. There is thus in Granovetter’s work an emerging
theory of the actor-network. We find in it the reversibility of perspectives
between actor and network, as well as the variable geometry of identities (for
example interests, projects, expectations and preferences).<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The consequence of this approach is
radical. What needs to be explained is precisely that which we consider as obvious
in the usual description of the market: the existence of calculative agents who
sign contracts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The break introduced by
Granovetter—albeit one that he does not follow through to the end—lies in this
reversal. What needs to be explained is not the fact that, despite the market
and against it, person-to-person interaction has to be developed in order to
pro- duce shared information. On the contrary, we need rather to explain the
possibility of this rare, artificial latecomer composed of agents which are
generally individual, calculating humans, foreign to one another and engaged in
the negotiation of contracts. The evidence is the flow, the circulation, the
connections; the rareness is the framing. Instead of adding connections
(contingent contracts, trust, rules, culture) to explain the possibility of the
co-ordination and the realism of the calculation, as in the various solutions
proposed by economists, we need to start out from the proliferation of
relations and ask how far the bracketing of these connections—which below I
call ‘framing’—must go to allow calculation and co-ordination through
calculation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">As we shall see, to explain the
emergence of calculating agents and of a great divide between agents and goods,
we have to fit out and to enrich the over-social networks of Granovetter. This
leads me back to some of the achievements of ANT.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<b>2 Framing and disentanglement</b></div><div><b><br /></b>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">In this section I will show that if
calculations are to be performed and completed, the agents and goods involved
in these calculations must be <span class="a">disentangled</span> and <span class="a">framed.</span> In short, a clear and precise boundary must be drawn
between the relations which the agents will take into account and which will
serve in their calculations, on</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the one hand, and the multitude of relations which will be ignored by
the calculation as such, on the other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Economic theory has already addressed
this question very specifically through the notion of externality which allows
the introduction of the more general question of disentanglement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Economists invented the notion of
externality to denote all the connections, relations and effects which agents
do not take into account in their calculations when entering into a market
trans- action. If, for example, a chemical plant pollutes the river into which
it pumps its toxic products, it produces a <span class="22">negative externality.
</span>The interests of fishermen, bathers and other users are harmed and in
order to continue their activities they will have to make investments for which
they will receive no compensation. The factor calculates its decisions without
taking into account the effects on the fishermen’s activities. The
externalities are not necessarily negative, they may also be positive. Take the
case of a pharmaceutical company which wants to develop a new molecule. To
protect itself it files a patent. However, in so doing it divulges information
which becomes freely available to competitors and can be used by them to shape
their own R&D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">These examples help to explain the
following definition of externalities: A, B and C are agents involved in a
market transaction or, more generally, in the negotiation of a contract. During
the transaction or negotiation of the contract these agents express their
preferences or interests and proceed to evaluate the different possible decisions.
The decision taken has positive or negative effects, called externalities, on a
series of agents X, Y and Z (distinct from A, B and C) who are not involved in
this transaction to promote their interests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The notion of externalities is
essential in economic theory because it enables us to underline one of the
possible shortcomings of the market, one of the limits of its effectiveness.
But it is also very useful for understanding the meaning of the expression
‘constructing a market’. This is where the joint notions of framing and
overflowing fit in.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Granovetter—and on this point he is at
one with ANT—reminds us that any entity is caught up in a network of relations,
in a flow of intermediaries which circulate, connect, link and reconstitute
identities (Callon, 1991). What the notion of externality shows, in the negative,
is all the work that has to be done, all the investments that have to be made
in order to make relations calculable in the network. This consists of framing
the actors and their relations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Framing is an operation used to define
individual agents which are clearly distinct and dissociated from one another.
It also allows for the definition of objects, goods and merchandise which are
perfectly identifiable and can be separated not only from other goods, but also
from the actors involved, for example in their conception, production,
circulation or use. It is owing to this framing that the market can exist, that
is to say, that distinct agents and distinct goods can be brought into play
since all these entities are independent, unrelated and unattached to one
another.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">What economists say when they study
externalities is precisely that this work of cleansing, of disconnection, in
short, of framing, is never over and that in reality it is impossible to take
it to a conclusion. There are always relations which defy framing. It is for these
relations which remain outside the frame that economists reserve the term
externalities. The latter denotes everything which the agents do not take into
account and which enables them to conclude their calculations. But one needs to
go further than that. When, after having identified them, the agents, in
keeping with the predictions of Coase’s famous theorem, decide to reframe them—
in other words to internalize the externalities—other externalities appear. I
would suggest the term ‘overflowing’ to denote this impossibility of total
framing. Any frame is necessarily subject to overflowing. It is by framing its
property rights by means of a public patent that a pharmaceutical firm produces
externalities and creates overflowing. It is by purifying the products that it
markets that a chemical firm creates the by-products which escape its control.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The impossibility of eliminating all
overflowing has, in reality, a profound cause which I shall merely point to in
this piece (Callon, 1998). To ensure that a contract is not broken, to delimit
the actions that can be undertaken within the framework of this contract, the agents
concerned have to mobilize a whole set of elements; these are, to use Leigh
Star’s expression, boundary-objects (Star & Griesemer, 1989). These objects
make possible the framing and stabilization of actions, while simultaneously
providing an opening onto other worlds, thus constituting leakage points where
overflowing can occur.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Let us take the simplest example, that
of a market transaction concerning a motor car. The transaction is possible
because a rigorous framing has been performed. This framing has reduced the market
transaction to three distinct components: the buyer, the producer-seller, and
the car. The buyer and the seller are identified without any ambiguity, so that
property rights can be exchanged. As for the car, it is because it is free from
any ties with other objects or human agents, that it can change ownership. Yet
even in this extreme and simple case not all ties can be cut. Something passes from
the seller to the buyer: the car, which conveys with it the know-how and
technology of the producer. All the property rights in the world cannot prevent
this overflowing, except by eliminating the transaction itself. If the buyer is
a firm, reverse engineering becomes possible. This is a general point which can
be expressed as follows: the simple fact of framing the transaction leads to
over- flowing because it mobilizes or concerns objects or beings endowed with
irreducible autonomy. Complete framing is a contradiction in terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The framing/overflowing duo suggests a
move towards economic anthropology and more specifically towards the entangled
objects of Thomas and the careers of objects of Appadurai (1986).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 2.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">I shall settle for recalling Thomas’s thesis, noting that it expands
on and enhances Appadurai’s: one is not born a commodity, one becomes it. It is
also Thomas who gives the best explanation for this reconfiguration in his
discussion of the distinction between market transaction and gift. His argument
is fairly complex and sometimes even obscure. I think, however, that it is
summed up in the following citation (Thomas, 1991):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“</span><span lang="EN-US">Commodities are here
understood as objects, persons, or elements of persons which are placed in a
context in which they have exchange value and can be alienated. The alienation
of a thing is its dissociation from producers, former users, or prior context</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(P-39)</span></span><span class="2105pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">The last sentence of this citation is obviously the important one.
To construct a market transaction, that is to say to transform something into a
commodity, it is necessary to cut the ties between this thing and other objects
or human beings one by one. It must be decontextualized, dissociated and
detached. For the car to go from the producer-seller to the customer-buyer, it
has to be disentangled. It is only if this can be achieved that the calculation
can be looped; that the buyer and the seller, once the transaction has been
concluded, can be quits. If the thing remains entangled, the one who receives
it is never quits and cannot escape from the web of relations. The framing is
never over. The debt cannot be settled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 22.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">This
notion of entanglement is very useful, for it is both theoretical and
practical. It enables us to think and to describe the process of
commoditisation which, like the process of framing or of disentanglement,
implies investments and specific actions to cut certain ties and internalize
others. The advantage is that this analysis applies generally, and enables one
to escape from the risk of essentialism. Anthropological studies of money are
most informative from this point of view. Money seems to be the epitome of the
commodity; it is pure equivalence, pure disentanglement, pure circulation. Yet
as Viviana Zelizer showed so convincingly, agents are capable of constantly
creating private money which embodies and conveys ties (Zelizer, 1994). This is
the case of the grand-mothers who gives her grand-daughter silver coins, or
supermarkets which give fidelity vouchers to their customers. To entangle or
disentangle are two opposite movements which explain how we move away from or
closer to the market regime. Both movements can apply to any entity. No calculation
is possible without this framing, a framing which makes it possible to provide
a clear list of the entities, states of the world, possible actions and
expected outcome of these actions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="31" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 14.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="bookmark4"><b><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Framing and the construction of
calculative agents</span></b></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Very few
studies exist in which analyse the work of framing which allows calculation. To
my knowledge the best study is that of Marie-France Garcia on the
transformation of the table strawberry market in the Sologne region of France
(Garcia, 1986). This transformation occurred in the early 1980s and resulted in
the constitution of a market with characteristics corresponding to those
described in political economy manuals:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.1pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">the existence of a perfectly qualified product;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.1pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">the existence of a clearly constituted supply and demand;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 25.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 29.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -13.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">—<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">the organization of
transactions allowing for the establishment of an equilibrium price.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Garcia analysed all the investments
required to produce the frames allowing for the construction of this market.
First material investments were needed. Un-coordinated transactions between
producers and intermediaries engaged in interpersonal relationships were replaced
by interactions held in a warehouse built for this purpose. The producers took
their product there daily packed in baskets, and exhibited it in batches in the
warehouse. Each batch had a corresponding data sheet which was immediately
given to the auctioneer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">The latter entered the data into his
computer and compiled a catalogue which was handed out to the buyers. Producers
and shippers then went into the auction room which was designed in such a way that
buyers and sellers could not see one another but nevertheless had a clear view
of the auctioneer and the electronic board on which prices were displayed. The
display of the strawberries in the hall and the catalogue enabled all parties
concerned to have precise knowledge of the supply in terms of both quality and
quantity. Moreover, the fact that the different batches were displayed side by side
highlighted differences in quality and quantity between producers. The latter
could compare their own production with that of their competitors, something
which had not been possible formerly when collections were made locally. As
Garcia notes: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“</span><span lang="EN-US">those growers who had been caught up in personal relationships with
intermediaries and shippers entered into impersonal relationships</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Garcia-Parpet, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">All of these different elements and
devices contributed to the framing of transactions by allowing for the
rejection of networks of relations, and thus by constructing an arena in which
each entity was disconnected from the others. This arena created a space of
calculability: the technique of degressive bidding, the display of transactions
on the electronic board, the relative qualification of batches of strawberries
on their data slips, and knowledge of the national market all made the
transactions calculable. As this example clearly shows, the crucial point is
not that of the intrinsic competencies of the agent but that of the equipment
and devices which give his/her actions a shape.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The importance of the introduction of
such tools is starting to be well documented. It is unquestionably one of the
essential contributions of science studies. The work of Peter Miller has, for
example, highlighted the role of accounting tools in the construction of agents
capable of calculating (Miller, 1998). What Garcia clearly shows is all the
devices—material (the warehouse, the batches displayed side by side),
metrological (the metre) and procedural (degressive bidding)—which give these
instruments their power and effect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Garcia’s study serves moreover, to
specify the respective roles of the instruments of calculation, of material
investments and of economic theory in this process of framing and of
constructing spaces of calculability. In the construction of the strawberry
market, a young counsellor of the Regional Chamber of Agriculture played a central
part. The remarkable thing is that his action was largely inspired by his
training in economics received at university and his knowledge of neoclassical
theory. The project, which he managed to launch through his alliances and
skills, can be summed up in a single sentence: the construction of a real
market on the pure model of perfect competition proposed in economics
handbooks. As Garcia says, it is no coincidence that the economic practices of
the strawberry producers of Sologne correspond to those in economic theory.
This economic theory served as a frame of reference to create each element of
the market (presentation on the market of batches which account for only a
small portion of the supply; classification of strawberries in terms of
criteria which are independent of the identity of their producers; unity of
time and place making the market perfectly transparent; and, finally, the
freedom of wholesalers and producers alike who are not obliged to buy or sell).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 22.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">This case provides an outstanding example in that it enables us to follow
the birth of an organized market. Above all, it is the purest and most perfect
example of market organization. The conclusion that can be drawn from it is
extremely simple yet fundamental: yes, <span class="22">homo economicus</span>
does exist, but is not an ahistorical reality. It does not describe the hidden
nature of the human being. It is the result of a process of configuration, and
the history of the strawberry market shows what this framing consists of. Of
course it mobilizes material and metrological investments, but we should not
forget the essential contribution of economics in <span class="22">performing</span>
the economy (Callon, 1998). The study of this contribution constitutes a vast
project for the future. ANT and, more generally, science studies, provide an invaluable
resource for studying this contribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="31" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 15.15pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><a name="bookmark5"><b><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Conclusion</span></b></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">So what does ANT contribute to the
understanding of economic markets?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">On the whole I find the assessment
positive and encouraging. ANT enables one to go further than do traditional
socio-economics or analyses in terms of networks proposed by people like Granovetter.
Markets are not embedded in networks. In other words, it is not a question of <span class="22">adding</span> social, interpersonal, or informal relations in order to
understand their functioning. A concrete market is the result of operations of
disentanglement, framing, internalization and extemalization. To understand a
market it is necessary first to agree to take what it does seriously; that is
to say, the construction of calculative actors who consider themselves to be quits
once the transaction has been concluded. This does not mean that everything has
been framed and internalized and that no relations other than market relations
exist. I have suggested that complete disentanglement is impossible; framing
can function and survive only if there is overflowing, and connections have not
been internalized. But it is one thing to see these links and relations as having
been voluntary and actively rejected from the framework of market relations,
with the precise aim of locally and temporarily purifying market relations; it
is quite another to say that the market is possible and functions only because
these relations are present and form, in a sense, the substratum of market
exchange.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">The metaphor of framing and
extemalization (taking into account only those relations which make it possible
to conclude the calculation) is not the same as that of embeddedness and of
social construction (taking into account informal relations in order to account
for the possibility of a calculation). In one case the configuration of market
relations and of the market is taken seriously, while in the other case all the
overflowing that the market cannot prevent is highlighted. In one case we
believe in </span><span class="395pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">homo
economicus</span></span><span class="29pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">—</span></span><span lang="EN-US">although a </span><span class="395pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">homo economicus</span></span><span class="29pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">that is variable, configured, framed, etc.—and in the other case we
denounce him as an abstract invention. ANT, which allows entities to define and
construct one another, is well suited to observing the construction of </span><span class="395pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">homo economicus.</span></span><span class="29pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">With its focus on the role of technical devices and scientific skills
in the performing of the collective, ANT highlights the importance of the
material devices and of natural science but also of the social sciences in
general and economics in particular, in performing the economy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 13.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">A final remark regarding the actor. As
I mentioned earlier, ANT has often been criticised for presenting actors guided
by the quest for power and solely interested in spreading networks and their influence.
We have probably sinned, although it was a venial sin. What is shown by the
study of the market—and hence of the gift— but also by the exploration of other
regimes such as that of political representation, is the variety of possible
configurations of action and actors (Hennion, 1993). In a network of pure
scientific mobilization, the actor resembles that dreadful white male enamoured
of power and aligning the world around himself. In a market network he is
calculating, selfish and impersonal. The good news is that in a network of
gifts, s/he gets tangled in links and relations that s/he does not want and
from which he cannot disentangle him or herself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Suddenly he is generous and altruistic. In political representation s/he
makes words proliferate and renders the world talkative, which is not
necessarily unpleasant. This amounts to saying that there are no model actors.
The identity of the actor and the action depends precisely on these
configurations, and each of them can be understood only if we agree to give
humans all the non-humans which extend their action. It is precisely because
human action is not only human but also unfolds, is delegated and is formatted
in networks with multiple configurations, that the diversity of the action and
of the actors is possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="25" style="background: transparent; line-height: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left; text-indent: 10.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">At the start of this paper I was ready not only to recall
Actor-Network Theory, but possibly to change the model and to launch a new
range. In concluding it I am more optimistic. In short, it has passed one of
the most demanding tests: that of the market. And if it has passed it is
because ANT is not a theory. It is this that gives it both its strength and its
adaptability. Moreover, we never claimed to create a theory. In ANT the T is
too much <span class="22">('de trop").</span> It is a gift from our
colleagues. We have to be wary of this type of consecration especially when it
is the work of our best friends. <span class="22">Timeo danaos et dona ferentes:</span>
I fear our colleagues and their fascination for theory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="31" style="background: transparent; line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.65pt; margin-left: 10.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: lines-together; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: left;"><a name="bookmark7"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></p>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "細明體_HKSCS","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體_HKSCS; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See Lee and Brown (1994).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "細明體_HKSCS","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體_HKSCS; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elias (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p align="left" class="51" style="background: transparent; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 10.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/j.1467-954X.1999.tb03488.x.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> This point is addressed by Burt in a formal manner (Burt, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div></div>Lawrenzo H.C. Huanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14372016032559836125noreply@blogger.com0